Somatom force

Manufactured by Siemens

Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan

The SOMATOM Force is a high-performance computed tomography (CT) system developed by Siemens. It is designed to deliver fast, precise, and efficient imaging capabilities for a wide range of clinical applications. The SOMATOM Force features advanced technologies that enable high-quality imaging while minimizing radiation exposure.

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Lab products found in correlation

Somatom definition flash, by Siemens (66 mentions) Care dose 4d, by Siemens (50 mentions) Somatom definition as, by Siemens (39 mentions) Naeotom alpha, by Siemens (21 mentions) Care kv, by Siemens (18 mentions) Somatom definition, by Siemens (16 mentions) Somatom definition edge, by Siemens (15 mentions) Syngo via, by Siemens (14 mentions) Discovery ct750 hd, by GE Healthcare (11 mentions) Aquilion one, by Canon (10 mentions) Iomeron 400, by Bracco (9 mentions) Imeron 400, by Bracco (8 mentions) Lightspeed vct, by GE Healthcare (8 mentions) Somatom flash, by Siemens (7 mentions) Somatom drive, by Siemens (7 mentions) Omnipaque, by GE Healthcare (7 mentions) Omnipaque 350, by GE Healthcare (7 mentions) Somatom sensation 64, by Siemens (7 mentions) Revolution ct, by GE Healthcare (7 mentions) Brilliance 64, by Philips (6 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Somatom Force 384 (2 citations) SOMATOM Force CT (21 citations) Somatom FORCE CT machine (2 citations) Somatom Definition Flash/Force (4 citations) Somatom Force unit (2 citations) SOMATOM Force scanner (24 citations) Somatom Force Dual Source mCT system (2 citations) SOMATOM Force® Dual source CT scanner (4 citations) SOMATOM Force CT scanner (11 citations) Somatom Definition Force (34 citations)

521 protocols using somatom force

Chest CT Quantification of COVID-19 Pneumonia

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Chest CT was performed on three multidetector CT scanners: Siemens Somatom Force (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany), Siemens Somatom Drive and a GE Discovery 750 HD (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, MI). All patients underwent CT scanning of the chest in the supine position during end‐inspiration. Seven patients had chest CT without intravenous contrast medium and one patient with intravenous contrast medium (iobitridol, Xenetix® 300, Guerbet Laboratories, Roissy, France). Slice thickness for all scanners was between 0.625 and 1.25 mm. HD lung (GE Healthcare) kernel, pulmonary Br59F kernel (Siemens Somatom Drive) or pulmonary BI57d (Siemens Somatom Force) were applied. In four patients, at the same time, a CT pulmonary angiogram was performed for the clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism.
To quantify pulmonary involvement on chest CT, Syngo.via CT Pneumonia software analysis program (Siemens Healthineers) was used. Chest CT findings were described according to international standard nomenclature defined by the Fleischner Society glossary.¹³ (link) All CT images were reviewed by two expert pulmonary radiologists at the same time in the same sessions. Decisions were reached by consensus.

Kianzad A., Meijboom L.J., Nossent E.J., Roos E., Schurink B., Bonta P.I., van den Berk I.A., Britstra R., Stoker J., Vonk Noordegraaf A., van der Valk P., Thunnissen E., Bugiani M., Bogaard H.J, & Radonic T. (2021). COVID‐19: Histopathological correlates of imaging patterns on chest computed tomography. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 26(9), 869-877.

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Preoperative Nasal and Paranasal CT Imaging Protocol

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In center A, all preoperative axial CT scans were performed using a 64 detector row CT scanner (Discovery CT750 HD, GE), a 256 detector row CT scanner (Brilliance iCT, Philips) or a dual-source spiral CT scanner (SOMATOM Force, Siemens). The scanning parameters were routinely set as follows: tube voltage, 80–140 kVp; tube current, automatic tube current modulation (maximum, 450 mAs); pitch factor, 1.0; slice thickness, 1 mm; and slice interval, 1 mm. The patients from center B underwent preoperative axial CT scan using a dual-source spiral CT scanner (SOMATOM Force, Siemens), a 256 detector row CT scanner (Brilliance, Philips), a 256 detector row CT scanner (Revolution CT, GE) or a 64 detector row CT scanner (Revolution Frontier, GE). The scanning parameters were the same as center A. All the CT images were reconstructed with a standard kernel at a slice thickness of 1 mm and an increment of 1 mm.
The images were imported into the 3D-Slicer software (version 4.11.2; https://www.slicer.org) in DICOM format from the PACS system and the horizontal axial plain was selected to perform the nose and paranasal sinuses region manual segmentation in each CT slice by two radiologists (S. H. and N. L., with 5 and 9 years CT experience) who were blinded to the clinical outcome.⁴¹ (link) The edge of ROI was 1-2 mm away from the edge of the lesion to avoid air, bone, and other regions.

He S., Chen W., Wang X., Xie X., Liu F., Ma X., Li X., Li A, & Feng X. (2023). Deep learning radiomics-based preoperative prediction of recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis. iScience, 26(4), 106527.

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Comparison of Single- and Dual-Energy CTPA

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The local ethics committee waived the need for individual informed consent for this study. From October 2015 through December 2015, 60 patients referred to CTPA for suspected PE were scanned on a conventional single-source 64-slice CT system (SO-MATOM Definition AS 64, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) in a standard clinical routine setting (group 1). From January 2016 through February 2016, a total of 60 consecutive patients were examined on a third generation DSCT (SOMATOM Force, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) with a singleenergy protocol (group 2). Since March 2016, all patients referred to CTPA have been consecutively examined with the same third generation DSCT (SOMATOM Force, Siemens) using a dedicated dual-energy pulmonary CTA protocol. The data of the first 60 patients acquired with this dual-energy protocol were included in this study (group 3). The age, gender distribution and body habitus (anteroposterior and lateral chest diameter) of the patients in the three cohorts are displayed in ▶ Table 1. Inpatients as well as patients from our emergency room were recruited 24/7. Except for pregnancy and known severe allergic reactions to iodinebased contrast agents, no exclusion criteria were applied.

Petritsch B., Kosmala A., Gassenmaier T., Weng A.M., Veldhoen S., Kunz A.S, & Bley T.A. (2017). Diagnosis of Pulmonary Artery Embolism: Comparison of Single-Source CT and 3rd Generation Dual-Source CT using a Dual-Energy Protocol Regarding Image Quality and Radiation Dose. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin, 189(6).

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Contrast-Enhanced CT Imaging Protocols

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The CT examinations were performed either on a 320-row multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanner (Aquilion ONE, Canon Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan) or a 192 × 2 slice dual-source CT (DSCT) scanner (Somatom Force, Siemens Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany). Tube voltage was set at 80–120 kV and tube current at 40–100 mA according to the patients’ age. Automated tube-current modulation was used with the dual-source CT. The contrast agent used was Omnipaque 300 mg/mL (GE Healthcare, Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA).
For non-gated CT chest, abdomen and pelvis with contrast, 1.5–2 mL/Kg of contrast was administered with an injection rate of 0.5–1.5 mL/sec depending on catheter size and patient size. Scan coverage was from just above the lung apices to just below the symphysis pubis.
For chest CT for suspected pulmonary embolism, 2–2.5 mL/Kg of contrast is administered with an injection rate of 2.5–5 mL/sec depending on catheter size and patient size. Scan coverage was from just above the lung apices to just below the diaphragm. On the Canon Aquilion ONE scanner, a volumetric gated scan mode was used for z-axis coverage of less than 16 cm and a helical protocol was used for a z-axis coverage greater than 16 m. Turbo Flash mode was used with the Siemens Somatom Force dual-source scanner.

Salman R., Sammer M.B., Serrallach B.L., Sangi-Haghpeykar H., Annapragada A.V, & Paul Guillerman R. (2022). Lower skeletal muscle mass on CT body composition analysis is associated with adverse clinical course and outcome in children with COVID-19. La Radiologia Medica, 127(4), 440-448.

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Scaphoid Fracture Imaging Protocol

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After inclusion in the emergency department, patients will undergo a standard CT scan and a 4D-CT scan of both wrists with the Somatom Force CT scanner (Somatom Force, Siemens Healthineers, the Netherlands).
Based on the standard CT-scan, the patient will be categorized into:

Nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures

Displaced fractures; defined as a >1-mm step-off between the bone segments. This is measured as a translation of a scaphoid fragment relative to the inertial axis of the scaphoid.

When the patient is in pain, pain medication will be provided, according to the pain medication protocol of the emergency department and on discretion of the treating physician. Patients presented to the emergency department in evenings, nights or weekends and willing to participate, will be scanned during the cast change in the first week after presentation (Fig. 2).Fig. 2

Workflow diagram for patients with a scaphoid fracture. A 4D-CT scan during flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation of both wrists is obtained. ^*Patients are followed up until the scaphoid fragments are united.

de Roo M.G., Dobbe J.G., Ridderikhof M.L., Goslings J.C., van der Horst C.M., Beenen L.F., Streekstra G.J, & Strackee S.D. (2018). Analysis of instability patterns in acute scaphoid fractures by 4-dimensional computed tomographic imaging – A prospective cohort pilot study protocol. International Journal of Surgery Protocols, 9, 1-5.

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Coronary CTA Imaging Protocol

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All coronary CTA scans were performed on second- and third-generation dual-source CT scanners (Siemens Somatom Flash and Siemens Somatom Force, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) and described in above mentioned manuscript^{18 (link)}. Based on the scout, the scan length was set from the carina to the diaphragm covering the heart, but not the entire lungs or was tailored based on the Calcium scan images. To visualize the lungs, an image series with a maximum field of view covering the lungs over the entire scan length were reconstructed with 1.5 mm slice thickness in addition to image series with a field of view tailored to the heart. Image quality (but not incidental findings) between second- and third-generation dual-source CT scanners was reported in a subset of 246 patients^{19 (link)}.

Scholtz J.E., Lu M.T., Hedgire S., Meyersohn N., Oliveira G.R., Prabhakar A.M., Gupta R., Kalra M.K., Shepard J.A., Hoffmann U, & Ghoshhajra B.B. (2017). Incidental Pulmonary Nodules in Emergent Coronary CT Angiography for Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome: Impact of Revised 2017 Fleischner Society Guidelines. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography, 12(1), 28-33.

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Quantifying Coronary Artery Stenosis via CCTA

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A third-generation dual-source CT (Siemens Somatom FORCE, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) was used for imaging. A specified regime of medication consisting of sublingual nitroglycerin (0.8 mg) and intravenous beta-blockers were given prior to the scan if deemed necessary by a radiologist. Initially, 80 mL iodinated contrast material (Iomeron 400; Bracco Imaging S.p.A., Milan, Italy) was administered using a power injector (Stellant D; Medrad, Warrendale, PA, USA) at a flow rate of 5 mL/s followed by a 50 mL saline chaser. Coronary artery stenosis was analyzed and quantified using on-site software (Coronary Plaque Analysis 2.0. syngo. via FRONTIER, Siemens Healthineers). The grading was done in accordance with the guidelines of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography [19 (link)].

Baumann S., Hirt M., Rott C., Özdemir G.H., Tesche C., Becher T., Weiss C., Hetjens S., Akin I., Schoenberg S.O., Borggrefe M., Janssen S., Overhoff D, & Lossnitzer D. (2020). Comparison of Machine Learning Computed Tomography-Based Fractional Flow Reserve and Coronary CT Angiography-Derived Plaque Characteristics with Invasive Resting Full-Cycle Ratio. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(3), 714.

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CT Imaging of Arthroplasty Migration

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CT examinations were performed on 2 CT scanners (GE Revolution, GE Healthcare, Chicago, USA and Siemens SOMATOM Force, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). Model-based iterative reconstruction algorithms (ADMIRE 2, Siemens and ASiRV50, GE Healthcare) were used, with metal artefact reduction (MAR). The CT protocol parameters were tube voltage 120 kV, tube current 100 mAs, slice thickness 0.625 mm, rotation time 0.5 seconds, pitch 1.0, and field-of-view 200 × 200 mm. These parameters, scan length, CT dose index volume (CTDIvol), and dose length product (DLP) were matched on the CT scanners at a total dose of 6.34 mGy. EDs were estimated by multiplying DLP by the knee conversion factor 0.0004 mSv/(mGy × cm) (17 (link)).
The cadaver was repositioned between each exposure. Scans were analyzed with a commercially available CT migration analysis software (generic name CTRSA), CTMA software (Sectra AB, Linköping, Sweden) (12 (link)). The following steps were performed, as previously described for hip and shoulder arthroplasty (8 (link),9 (link)):

ENGSETH L.H., SCHULZ A., PRIPP A.H., RÖRHL S.M, & ØHRN F.D. (2023). CT-based migration analysis is more precise than radiostereometric analysis for tibial implants: a phantom study on a porcine cadaver. Acta Orthopaedica, 94, 207-214.

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Dual-Source CT Cardiac Imaging Protocol

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Patients were scanned with a dual-source CT scanner (Siemens SOMATOM Force; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany), with iopromide as the contrast medium. A total of 50 mL of iopromide (370 mgI/mL) was injected into the antecubital vein using a high-pressure syringe at a flow rate of 4.0 mL/s, followed by 40 mL of normal saline. An adaptive prospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered cardio sequence scanning (Adapt sequence) was used for CT; automatic dynamic real-time X-ray dose control technology (CareDose 4D; Siemens) was used for tube current adjustment, with an exposure dosage range (ECG pulsing) of 30–80% R-R interval. Intelligent optimum tube voltage technology (Care kV; Siemens) was also adopted for CT, with a collimation of 192×0.6 mm, a field of view (FOV) of 150 mm × 150 mm – 180 mm × 180 mm, an automatic adjustment of pitch (P=0.2–0.5) following the changes of heart rate, and a scanning range from 1 cm below the tracheal carina to the diaphragmatic surface of the heart.

Li W., Zhang J., Ruan Z., Zhao J., Zhang B, & Zhang J. (2023). The effect of two different methods of planning landing zone for left atrial appendage closure by cardiac computed tomography angiography: a comparative study. Annals of Translational Medicine, 11(2), 75.

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Volumetric Analysis of Liver and Tumor

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CT imaging was acquired with a dual-source CT scanner (Siemens Somatom Force, Siemens AG, München, Germany) using the following parameters: 120 kVp tube voltage; 0.5 s gantry rotation; and 5 mm reconstruction thickness. A senior HPB fellow conducted a volumetric analysis using the IntelliSpace Portal 8.0 software tool (Philips healthcare, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Total liver volume (TLV), tumor volume (TV) and FLR were subsequently computed by the program after manual delineation of margins in every slide. In each of these calculations, TV was considered to be non-functional. The calculated FLR (cFLR) was then computed as described before [10 (link)]. Hypertrophy was defined as a proportional increase in cFLR. Patients displaying a hypertrophy of less than 25% were defined as non-responders.

Heise D., Schulze-Hagen M., Bednarsch J., Eickhoff R., Kroh A., Bruners P., Eickhoff S.B., Brecheisen R., Ulmer F, & Neumann U.P. (2021). CT-Based Prediction of Liver Function and Post-PVE Hypertrophy Using an Artificial Neural Network. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(14), 3079.

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