Piperacillin

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Germany

Piperacillin is a semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic. It is used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat a variety of bacterial infections.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ceftazidime, by Merck Group (20 mentions) Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (16 mentions) Ampicillin, by Merck Group (16 mentions) Cefotaxime, by Merck Group (13 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Merck Group (13 mentions) Imipenem, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Amikacin, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Tazobactam, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Gentamicin, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Amoxicillin, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Tobramycin, by Merck Group (10 mentions) Meropenem, by Merck Group (9 mentions) Aztreonam, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Cefepime, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Levofloxacin, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Oxacillin, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Tetracycline, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Ceftriaxone, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Vancomycin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Rifampicin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)

78 protocols using piperacillin

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii

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The antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates are based on the results of disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The disk diffusion method is according to CLSI guidelines [16 (link)]. Eleven different antibiotics were used to assess the susceptibility test including imipenem (10 µg), cefepime, (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), amikacin (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ticarcillin (75 µg), piperacillin (100 mg), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (25 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg) and streptomycin (10 µg) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA).
Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration according to CLSI guidelines [16 (link)]. The antibiotics imipenem, cefepime, ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ticarcillin, piperacillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, carbenicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) were used for MIC determination. Multidrug resistance was defined in this analysis as resistance following five drug classes: Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftazidime and cefepime), beta lactamase inhibitor penicillin (ticarcillin, piperacillin and carbenicillin), aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin and streptomycin), Folate pathway inhibitors (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) and carbapenems (imipenem).

Yang C.H., Su P.W., Moi S.H, & Chuang L.Y. (2019). Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter Baumannii: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Molecules, 24(10), 1849.

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Propagation of Bovine Kidney Epithelial Cells

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Madin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial cells (NBL-1 ATCC CCL-22) were obtained at passage 110 from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA). Cells were propagated in sterile polystyrene 150-cm 2 canted-neck, 0.2-µm vent cap flasks (Corning, Corning, NY) in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 1 g/L d-glucose, l-glutamine, and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO), 10 mg/L piperacillin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), and 10 mg/L ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), at 37°C in 5% CO 2 and 95% air. The medium was refreshed every 2 to 3 d. Cells were subcultured to near confluence following medium removal with trypsin-EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). Trypsin activity was inhibited by addition of 10 mL of fresh DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), 10mg/L piperacillin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.), and 10mg/L ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). For each experimental replicate, cells were plated on 24-well plates (Corning, Glendale, AZ) at a density of 1.5 × 10 5 cells per 15.6-mm diameter well and incubated in 10% FBS DMEM with antibiotics, as indicated above, to achieve approximately 80% confluence before exposure to treatments.

Boesche K.E, & Donkin S.S. (2021). Bovine pyruvate carboxylase gene proximal promoter activity is regulated by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. Journal of dairy science, 104(2).

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Antibiotic Preparation and Sterilization

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Meropenem was obtained from AK Scientific, Inc. Piperacillin and tazobactam were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Linezolid (CAS 165800-03-3) was obtained from AmplaChem. Antibiotics were dissolved at a concentration of 16.67 mg/ml in 30% DMSO/30% propylene glycol/40% water. Linezolid was used as positive control and was prepared at 7.5 mg/ml. Vehicle (30% DMSO/30% propylene glycol/40% water) was included as negative control. The dosing formulations were sterilized by passing through 0.2 µm filter prior to injection.

Gonzales P.R., Pesesky M.W., Bouley R., Ballard A., Biddy B.A., Suckow M.A., Wolter W.R., Schroeder V.A., Burnham C.A., Mobashery S., Chang M, & Dantas G. (2015). Synergistic, collaterally sensitive β-lactam combinations suppress resistance in MRSA. Nature chemical biology, 11(11), 855-861.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of A. baumannii

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of the A. baumannii isolates were determined using the broth microdilution protocols of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute [30 ] against a total of 14 known antibiotics according to methods described previously [14 (link)]. Cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin and polymyxin B were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Meropenem was from US Pharmacopeia (Rockville, MD). Amikacin, cefepime, gatifloxacin, imipenem and tobramycin were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Tustin, CA).

Warner W.A., Kuang S.N., Hernandez R., Chong M.C., Ewing P.J., Fleischer J., Meng J., Chu S., Terashita D., English L., Chen W, & Xu H.H. (2016). Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates obtained from two hospital outbreaks in Los Angeles County, California, USA. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 194.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of βLR16 Clones

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The antibiotic susceptibility of βLR16 and subclones was tested in minimum inhibitory concentration assays according to CLSI guidelines except for lower incubation temperatures (24–28°C) [20 (link)]. Briefly, serial two-fold dilutions (from 512 μg ml^-1 to 0.5 μg ml^-1, no antibiotic in the last well) of antibiotics were made in Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) in 96-well plates. The following antibiotics were tested: ampicillin, rifampin (both from Research Products International Corp., Mt. Prospect, IL, USA), carbenicillin (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), ciprofloxacin (Wako Chemicals USA, Inc., Richmond, VA), erythromycin (Fluka BioChemika, Buchs, Switzerland), amoxicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cephalexin, piperacillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, fusidic acid, and gentamicin (all from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Each well was inoculated with 10 μl containing 10⁵ colony forming units of each clone being tested. The assay was performed in duplicate at least three times, and E. coli strains EPI300, BL21(DE3), or BW25113 (Table 1) containing empty vector always served as the negative controls. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) corresponded to the antibiotic concentration of the first well in which no growth was visible.

Allen H.K., An R., Handelsman J, & Moe L.A. (2015). A Response Regulator from a Soil Metagenome Enhances Resistance to the β-Lactam Antibiotic Carbenicillin in Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0120094.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Mtb

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Mtb was grown to mid-log phase and diluted to an OD of 0.03 in 7H9 medium. Bacteria were then exposed to 1.5-fold serial dilution of antimicrobial compounds. Optical density was recorded after 14 days and normalized to the corresponding strains without drug treatment. Minimum inhibitory concentration is defined as the lowest concentration of a drug at which bacterial growth was inhibited at least 90%, as compared to the control containing no antimicrobial compounds. Ampicillin, auranofin, D-cycloserine, ebselen, ethambutol, faropenem, hydroxyurea, isoniazid, kanamycin, levofloxacin, meropenem, mitomycin C, moxifloxacin, piperacillin, rifampicin, streptomycin and vancomycin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. Moenomycin was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Bedaquilline was received as a gift from C. Barry.

Lin K., O'Brien K.M., Trujillo C., Wang R., Wallach J.B., Schnappinger D, & Ehrt S. (2016). Mycobacterium tuberculosis Thioredoxin Reductase Is Essential for Thiol Redox Homeostasis but Plays a Minor Role in Antioxidant Defense. PLoS Pathogens, 12(6), e1005675.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of S. algae and E. coli

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for the S. algae clade isolates and E. coli DH5α isolates carrying bla_OXA-55-like cloned from S. algae isolates by the broth microdilution method using BBL Mueller-Hinton II broth, which was cation adjusted (Becton Dickinson and Co., USA) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (19 ). The following antimicrobial agents were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing: ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), aztreonam (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), imipenem (Banyu Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan), clavulanic acid, and meropenem (Wako Pure Chemical Industry, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). E. coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used as quality control strains. The results were interpreted according to CLSI guidelines (20 ).

Ohama Y., Aoki K., Harada S., Nagasawa T., Sawabe T., Nonaka L., Moriya K., Ishii Y, & Tateda K. (2021). Genetic Environment Surrounding blaOXA-55-like in Clinical Isolates of Shewanella algae Clade and Enhanced Expression of blaOXA-55-like in a Carbapenem-Resistant Isolate. mSphere, 6(5), e00593-21.

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Microbial Susceptibility Testing Agents

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Ampicillin (catalog no. A9518), piperacillin (catalog no. P8396), ceftriaxone (catalog no. C5793), cephalothin (catalog no. C4520), potassium clavulanate (catalog no. 33454), cefotaxime (catalog no. C7912), and chloramphenicol (catalog no. R4405) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ceftazidime was procured from Sigma (catalog no. C3809) and Research Products International (catalog no. 33527), and the products from the two sources were used interchangeably throughout the experimentation. Imipenem was obtained from USP (catalog no. 1337809) and from the commercial source (pharmacy). Sulbactam was bought from Astatech. Tazobactam (catalog no. 15141) and aztreonam (catalog no. 15151) were purchased from Chem-Impex International. Ceftolozane-Tazobactam, cefepime, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem were obtained from their commercial sources. Ceftaroline was provided by Allergan. Nitrocefin (catalog no. BR0063G) was purchased from Oxoid. Avibactam was purchased from Advanced ChemBlocks (catalog no. R16073).

Barnes M.D., Winkler M.L., Taracila M.A., Page M.G., Desarbre E., Kreiswirth B.N., Shields R.K., Nguyen M.H., Clancy C., Spellberg B., Papp-Wallace K.M, & Bonomo R.A. (2017). Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2), Substitutions at Ambler Position Asp179, and Resistance to Ceftazidime-Avibactam: Unique Antibiotic-Resistant Phenotypes Emerge from β-Lactamase Protein Engineering. mBio, 8(5), e00528-17.

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Chlamydia MOMP Immunodetection Protocol

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Goat polyclonal antibodies directed against the Chlamydia major outer membrane protein (MOMP) were purchased from Meridian Life Science. Click-It Labeling Kit for the detection of EDA-DA and various Alexa Fluor conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen. Affinity purified mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against the E. coli RNA polymerase β subunit, which crossreact with the chlamydial RNA polymerase β subunit, were purchased from Biolegend. BODIPY FL C5 ceramide was purchased from Invitrogen. Hoechst 33342 was purchased from ThermoFisher. Penicillin G, piperacillin, d-cycloserine, and mecillinam were purchased from Sigma Chemicals. A22 was purchased from Cayman Chemical.

Cox J.V., Abdelrahman Y.M, & Ouellette S.P. (2020). Penicillin-binding proteins regulate multiple steps in the polarized cell division process of Chlamydia. Scientific Reports, 10, 12588.

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Bacterial Load Enumeration in Infected Larvae

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Changes to the bacterial load during infection or following treatment were determined via CFU enumeration. At each time-point, four larvae were randomly selected and individually homogenized in a lysing matrix tube containing six 1/8-inch metal beads in 800 μl of PBS-T, using a FastPrep F120 (MP Biomedicals, USA) at 6.0 m/s for 1 min. For CFU enumeration, serial ten-fold dilutions were plated on Middlebrook 7H11 agar, supplemented with 20 μg/ml of piperacillin (PIP, Sigma-Aldrich, UK) to inhibit the growth of native Gm flora [11 (link)]. PIP has no inhibitory activity on H37Rv (MIC = 320 μg/ml).

Asai M., Li Y., Spiropoulos J., Cooley W., Everest D.J., Kendall S.L., Martín C., Robertson B.D., Langford P.R, & Newton S.M. (2022). Galleria mellonella as an infection model for the virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Virulence, 13(1), 1543-1557.

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