Field emission sem

Dechorinated embryos were fixed in 25% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer and hand-devitellinized. Embryos were post-fixed in 1% OsO₄ and dehydrated through an EtOH series. They were dried using Hexamethyldislazane, coated with gold palladium, and examined and photographed in a LEO/Zeiss Field-emission SEM.

The ECL emission measurements were performed on a MPI-F flow-injection chemiluminescence detector (Xi’an Remax Electronic Science Technology, China) and electrochemical measurements were carried out on a CHI760D electrochemical workstation (Chenhua Instrument Shanghai, China) by using a three-electrode system consisted of a platinum wire as auxiliary electrode, an Ag/AgCl electrode as reference electrode and the prepared electrodes with different CEA concentrations as working electrode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained using a field emission SEM (Zeiss, Germany). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed using IM6e Electrochemical Interface (Zahner, Germany). UV-vis spectra were carried out by using a Lambda 35 UV-vis spectrometer (PerkinElmer, United States). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum was recorded on a VERTEX 70 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany).

The morphological characteristics of the algal cell surface after exposure to 17α-EE₂ were identified using field emission SEM (Zeiss SIGMA, Cambridge, UK) and observed according to the method described in a previously reported method [52 (link)]. Algae exposed for 24 h were selected, and the algal solution was pretreated, freeze-dried, and coated with gold for SEM observation.

Cells were harvested during mid-exponential growth phase, pelleted by centrifugation, washed twice with 1 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), and re-suspended in the same buffer to an OD_750nm = 0.9. The cells were fixed onto poly-L-lysine coated glass slides (15 × 15 mm, MatTek) by spotting 30 µL of the cell–SWCNT suspension for 10 min prior to rinsing with 1 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4). The cells were then incubated with 2 mg/L LSZ–SWCNTs for 1 h, followed by washing with 1 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4). Control samples were also prepared in the absence of LSZ–SWCNTs. All samples were immersed in a 1.25% glutaraldehyde solution made in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated for 2 h. Following incubation, the samples were washed three times in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Post-fixation was performed by immersing the samples into 0.2% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, followed by two washing steps with deionized water. Samples were immersed in 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 96% and 100% alcohol–water gradients for 3 min each for dehydration. The samples were critical-point dried and covered with a 4-nm osmium coating. The samples were subsequently analyzed using an ultra-high-resolution microscope (Field Emission SEM, Zeiss Merlin) with an extra-high tension (EHT) voltage of 1.5 kV.

ECL measurements were carried out by using the MPI-F flow-injection chemiluminescence detector (Xi′an Remax Electronic Science Tech. Co. Ltd., China). Electrochemical measurements were operated by employing a CHI760D electrochemical workstation (Chenhua Instrument Shanghai Co., Ltd., China). A conventional three-electrode system was used including a platinum wire electrode as the auxiliary electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode and a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, 4 mm in diameter) as the working electrode. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained by the field emission SEM (ZEISS, Germany).