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9 protocols using alexa 594 conjugated donkey anti rabbit

1

Immunostaining of Meiotic Chromosome Structures

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Meiotic cells were prepared as previously described by Massip et al. (2010) [25 (link)]. The synaptonemal complex proteins 3 (SCP3) and 1 (SCP1), MutL homolog 1 protein (MLH1) and centromeres were detected using the following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-SCP3 (1:1000; ABCAM, Cambridge, UK), rabbit anti-SCP1 (2:1000; ABCAM, Cambridge, UK), mouse anti-MLH1 (2:100; Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), Human anti-kinetochore (1:100; Antibodies Incorporated, Davis), respectively, and prepared in a solution of PBT (PBS +0.16% BSA +0.1% Tween). The secondary antibodies consisted of Alexa 594 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (1:100, Molecular Probes), Alexa 488 conjugated goat anti-mouse (1:100, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA), and AMCA conjugated donkey anti-human (1:100, Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA, USA). The γH2AX protein was detected by carrying out a complementary experiment without MLH1 antibody but with mouse anti-γH2AX (ABCAM, Cambridge, UK) and Alexa 488 conjugated goat anti-mouse (1:100, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) antibodies. γH2AX is considered as a marker of unsynapsed chromatin (transcriptionally silenced chromosome regions—Turner et al. (2005) [26 (link)])
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2

Immunolocalization of Meiotic Proteins

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Meiotic cells were prepared as described by Pinton et al. (2008 (link)) with some modifications. Detection of the synaptonemal complex proteins 3 (SCP3) and 1 (SCP1) and centromeres was carried out before immunostaining the γH2AX protein.
The meiotic proteins were immunolocalized using antibodies at 1:100 dilution in PBT (1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.15 % bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 0.1 % Tween 20) as follows. First, the SCP1 and centromeres were detected using the following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-SCP1 (Abcan, Cambridge, UK) and human anti-centromere (Antibodies Incorporated, Davis, CA, USA). Secondary antibodies consisted of DyLight 488 conjugated goat anti-rabbit (KPL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and 1-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) conjugated donkey anti-human (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Grove, PA, USA). Secondly, SCP3 was detected using rabbit anti-SCP3 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and then revealed with secondary antibody Alexa 594 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). Spermatocytes were captured using a Zeiss Imager Z2 microscope with CytoVision imaging system (Leica Microsystemes, Nanterre, France). Finally, the γH2AX protein was detected using mouse anti-γH2AX (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and Alexa 488 conjugated goat anti-mouse (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) antibodies.
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3

Immunolabeling of Meiotic Proteins

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Meiotic cells were prepared as previously described by Massip et al. (2010) [31] . The synaptonemal complex proteins 3 (SCP3) and 1 (SCP1), MutL homolog 1 protein (MLH1) and centromeres were detected using the following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-SCP3 (1∶1000; ABCAM, Cambridge, UK), rabbit anti-SCP1 (2∶1000; ABCAM, Cambridge, UK), mouse anti-MLH1 (2∶100; Becton Dickinson, Francklin Lakes, NJ), Human anti-kinetochore (1∶100; Antibodysuits Incorporated, Davis), respectively, and prepared in a solution of PBT (PBS +0.16% BSA +0.1% Tween). The secondary antibodies consisted of Alexa 594 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (1∶100, Molecular Probes), Alexa 488 conjugated goat anti-mouse (1∶100, Molecular Probes), and AMCA conjugated donkey anti-human (1∶100, Jackson, Grove, PA, USA). Spermatocytes were captured and analyzed using the Cytovision FISH imaging system (Leica Microsystems, Nanterre, France).
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4

Detecting Apoptosis in E9.5 Embryos

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Apoptosis was detected in 12 μm cryosections of E9.5 whole embryos using the In Situ Cell Detection Fluorescein Kit (Roche 11684795910) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, cryosections of fixed embryos were first treated with PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 for 2 minutes. Following three PBS rinses, cryosections were incubated in a TUNEL-Mix containing 90 μL TUNEL label and 10 μL TUNEL enzyme in the dark for 1 hour at 37 °C. Adult liver cryosections were included in each experiment as a positive control for TUNEL labeling. To perform immunofluorescence staining, cryosections were then blocked for 1 hour in 5% normal donkey serum (Jackson ImmunoResearch 017-000-121), incubated overnight at 4 °C in rabbit-anti-SOX E (1:300), washed three times with PBS, incubated for one hour with Alexa–594 conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit (1:400, Life Technologies A-21207), and washed three times with PBS before visualization in VECTASHIELD mounting medium with DAPI (Vector Laboratories H-1200).
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of cFos and GFP in Mouse Brains

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The mice were transcardially perfused with saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. After perfusion, the brains were extracted and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 day. The brains were sectioned coronally (50 μm sections) using a vibratome (Leica) and collected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The sections were permeabilized using 0.3% triton/PBS (PBST) for 30 min and then blocked with 1% blocking reagent in maleic acid buffer (Roche) for 30 min. After blocking, the sections were incubated overnight in rabbit polyclonal anti-cFos antibody (1:1000; RPCA-cFos; EnCor) or chicken polyclonal anti-GFP antibody (1:1000; ab13970; Abcam). After incubation with the primary antibody, the sections were washed three times with PBS and incubated with Alexa 594-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (1:1000; A21207; Life technologies) or Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-chicken (1:1000; A11039; Life technologies) secondary antibodies and DAPI for 2 h. After incubation with the secondary antibody, the sections were washed two times with PBS. The confocal images were acquired with an LSM780 or 800 (Zeiss) using 10 × or 20 × objective lenses. Three brain slices from each mouse were collected from the bregma (+ 0.4 to + 0.25).
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6

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Retinal Proteins

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Retinas were fixed in paraformaldehyde (PFA, 4% in PBS) for 20 min on a 24-well plate. Following fixation, the 24-well plate was plate on a shaker and the retina pieces were washed in PBS three times for 20 min. The retina pieces were incubated in block solution (10% donkey serum, 1% BSA and 0.5% TritonX in PBS) 3X for 20 min. The retina pieces were incubated with one or more of the following primary antibodies for 72 h at 4 C: Abcam #Ab238432: Rabbit monoclonal anti-mGluR2 antibody (1:500) and Invitrogen #MA5-27684 Mouse monoclonal anti-Kv3.1 antibody (1:1000). After primary antibody incubation, the retina pieces were rinsed with block solution 3X for 20 min on the shaker at room temperature. The retina tissues were then incubated Alexa-conjugate secondary antibodies Alexa-488 conjugated goat anti-mouse (Invitrogen Cat # A32723) and Alexa-594 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (Invitrogen Cat # A-21207) at 1:750 or 1:1000 concentrations for 5 h. Following secondary antibody incubation, the retina tissues were rinsed in PBS 3X for 20 min. The retina pieces were left in the last PBS wash for 2 h before mounting. The retina tissues were then mounted onto glass slides using Vectashield and imaged using a two-photon microscope.
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7

Tracking Cell Cycle Dynamics in iPSCs

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The length iPSC cultures was determined by pulse-chase of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and co-staining for the mitosis phosphorylated histone 3 (pH3). iPSCs were labeled with 10 mM EdU (Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging kit, Life Technologies EdU kit) for 30 minutes. After, cells were washed two times with PBSO and medium was replaced with fresh Essential E8 Flex medium. Chase was performed 2, 6, 9.5, 15, 19, 23, 28, 33.5, 39, 43 and 47 hours after washing. Cells were made single cell with tryplE. For each time point two times 50.000 single cells were cytospun (1000 rpm, 5minutes). Cells were fixed with 4%PFA, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X100/TBS and blocked with 1% BSA TBST. Cells were stained with rabbit anti-pH3 (Merck Millipore, 1:500) overnight at 4 degree and with Alexa 594-conjugated donkey anti rabbit (Invitrogen, 1:500). Afterward, EdU detection was performed with Click-iT assay following the manufacturer's manual. iPSCs were mounted with DAPI and Fluoromount, and imaged with the Leica Thunder microscope. Per condition the full slide was imaged and analyzed with Fiji software and Rstudio.
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8

Immunostaining of CRFR1 and CRFR2 in Rat Brain

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The experimental procedures for immunostaining followed our previous reports47 (link)48 (link). Briefly, rats (n = 5) were deeply anesthetized and the rat brain was removed and fixed in the 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 12 h at 4 °C, and then cryoprotected with 30% sucrose for 48 h. Frozen coronal sections (25 μm thickness) containing the PH were obtained by using a freezing microtome (CM 1850, Leica, Germany). The slices were rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Triton X-100 (PBST) (Sigma, USA) and then incubated in 10% normal bovine serum (Millipore, USA) in PBST for 30 min. Sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies to CRFR1 (a rabbit anti-CRFR1 polyclonal antibody, 1:200; Abcam, USA) and CRFR2 (a goat anti-CRFR2 polyclonal antibody, 1:200; Abcam). After a complete wash in PBS, sections were incubated in the Alexa 594-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (1:2,000; Invitrogen) and Alexa 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat (1:2,000; Invitrogen) for 2 h at room temperature in the dark. The slides were washed and mounted in UltraCruz mounting medium (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA). All micrographs were taken with an inverted laser scanning confocal microscope (FV1000; Olympus, Japan).
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9

Immunofluorescence Assay for Stem Cell Markers

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Cultured cells were washed with PBS and fixed in 3.7% PFA for 20 minutes at 4°C. Cells were blocked for 1h in PBS with 0.3% Triton-X-100 (PBS-T) and 5% donkey serum. Cells were incubated with appropriate primary antibodies in PBS-T with 5% donkey serum overnight at 4°C. Secondary antibodies were prepared in PBS-T and left for 1.5h at RT. DAPI (Molecular Probes) was used to counterstain cell nuclei. Staining was preserved using DAKO fluorescent mounting medium (Life Technologies). Samples were imaged on a Leica DMI6000b fluorescent microscope, while cell counts and intensity were determined using CX7 High-Content Screening (HCS) Platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Cell counts and intensity from at least 3 replicates were used for statistical analysis. Primary antibodies and their dilutions were used as follows: Nanog (1∶200, 4903, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), Oct-4 (1∶200, 2750, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), Sox2 (1∶200, 3579, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), NeuN (1:250, MAB377, Sigma). Secondary antibodies used were: Alexa 594-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (1∶1000, Invitrogen, A21207), Alexa 488-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit (1∶1000, Invitrogen, A21206) and Alexa 488-conjugated donkey antimouse (1∶1000, Invitrogen, A21202).
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