The morphology and size dispersion of hybrid microgels were probed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM; JEM-2100, JEOL, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Elemental mapping and high-angle annular dark field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) imaging were conducted using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Tecnai G2 F20, FEI, USA). UV-Vis spectra were recorded on a U-3900 UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with a temperature controller (Hitachi, Japan). Infrared spectra were recorded on an Avatar 360 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (Nicolet, USA) using the KBr pellet technique. Thermal stabilities were determined using a Q1000DSC+LNCS+FACS Q600SDT thermogravimetric analyzer (TA, USA) at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 in an atmosphere of N2. Swelling behavior was characterized by dynamic light scattering measurements (Nano-ZS90, Malvern, UK) in the temperature range of 25–45 °C. Crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (D/MAX-3C, Rigaku, Japan) performed using Cu Kα radiation at 35 kV and 40 mA. Surface compositions were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; AXIS ULTRA, Kratos Analytical Ltd., Japan) using monochromatic Al Kα radiation.
D max 3c
Manufactured by Rigaku
Sourced in Japan
The D/max-3C is a versatile X-ray diffractometer designed for a wide range of analytical applications. It features a high-performance, low-power X-ray source and a compact, user-friendly design. The D/max-3C is capable of performing standard powder diffraction measurements and can be configured with various detectors and accessories to accommodate different sample types and research needs.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Emxplus 6 1, by Bruker (2 mentions)
K alpha, by Horiba (2 mentions)
Labram hr evolution, by Netzsch (2 mentions)
Sta449f3, by Netzsch (2 mentions)
Escalab 250xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Tecnai g2 f20, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Nano zs90, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Jem 2100, by JEOL (1 mentions)
U 3900 uv vis spectrophotometer, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Jsm 7610f sem, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Ultradry eds detector, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Autopore 4 9500, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
Autosorb iq 2analyzer, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
Gatan digital micrograph software, by Ametek (1 mentions)
Jem 2800, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Su8020, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Eclipse varian fluorescence spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Asap 2020, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
U 3900h spectrometer, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
14 protocols using d max 3c
1
Probing Hybrid Microgel Morphology and Properties
2
Characterizing Crystalline Phases of nHD Scaffolds
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The crystalline phases of the nHD scaffolds were measured by XRD (Rigaku D/max-3C, Tokyo, Japan) at a working voltage of 40 kV, a rate of 2°/min and an angle range of 10–60°. The phases were investigated via comparison with the n-HA X-ray diffractograms.
3
Corrosion Products Characterization
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After testing, the specimens were removed from the solution, immersed in a 4% (w/w) glutaraldehyde solution for 3 h, sequentially dehydrated with alcohol for 10 min at various concentrations (25%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% (w/w)), and dried by nitrogen blowing. A SEM JSM-7610F (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to visualize the morphology of the corrosion products and SRP on the surface of the specimens. The elemental composition of the corrosion products was assessed by an Ultra Dry EDS Detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). In addition, the depth of the corrosion pits was measured by CLSM Lext OLS5000 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) after removing corrosion products. The corrosion product was gently scraped off the surface of the test piece with a razor blade. Element composition of the corrosion product was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Rigaku D/max-3C, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation. The XRD spectra were collected at angles between 5° and 80° at a rate of 10°/min.
4
Characterization of Electrode Morphology and Properties
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The surface morphology of the electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan). The crystalline phases of the electrode were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/max-3C, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation at a scanning rate of 2° min−1 in 2θ mode from 20° to 80°. The surface composition of the electrode was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, USA) with a monochromatic Al Kα source. The pore size distributions and porosity of the electrode were characterized by mercury porosimetry (AutoPore IV 9500, Micromeritics). The pressure–membrane flux relation was calculated according to the different inlet flow and corresponding pressure values in flow-through mode. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) scanning and cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning were carried out on the system in flow-through mode and were driven by an electrochemical workstation (PARSTAT 2273, USA), with a tubular porous Ti/SnO2–Sb filter as the working electrode, two stainless steel tubes as the counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode.
5
Structural, Textural, and Density Analysis of Aerogels
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For the SEM study,
aerogel bulk samples on carbon tape were covered with a thin layer
of gold before being placed in the SEM chamber. FTIR spectroscopy
was conducted in the range of 3500–600 cm–1 using a Spectrum-100 FTIR spectrometer with a 4 cm–1 resolution. The XRD pattern for the products were produced using
a Rigaku DMAX-3C automated diffractometer, with Ni-filtered Cu Kβ radiation (40 kV and 30 mA). Diffractograms
were obtained from 5 to 40° with a 3°/min scan rate. Nitrogen
adsorption/desorption isotherms were obtained using an Autosorb-iQ-2
analyzer from Quantachrome Instruments based in Florida, USA, within
the relative pressure range of 0.05 < P/P0 < 1.00. Before conducting textural measurements
at 77 K, the samples were pretreated by degassing at 100 °C for
5 h. Gas (helium) pycnometer (Quantachrome ULTRAPYC-1200e) was used
to carry out skeletal density studies. The bulk density was also assessed
through mercury intrusion porosimetry to confirm and verify the actual
density of the aerogels.
aerogel bulk samples on carbon tape were covered with a thin layer
of gold before being placed in the SEM chamber. FTIR spectroscopy
was conducted in the range of 3500–600 cm–1 using a Spectrum-100 FTIR spectrometer with a 4 cm–1 resolution. The XRD pattern for the products were produced using
a Rigaku DMAX-3C automated diffractometer, with Ni-filtered Cu Kβ radiation (40 kV and 30 mA). Diffractograms
were obtained from 5 to 40° with a 3°/min scan rate. Nitrogen
adsorption/desorption isotherms were obtained using an Autosorb-iQ-2
analyzer from Quantachrome Instruments based in Florida, USA, within
the relative pressure range of 0.05 < P/P0 < 1.00. Before conducting textural measurements
at 77 K, the samples were pretreated by degassing at 100 °C for
5 h. Gas (helium) pycnometer (Quantachrome ULTRAPYC-1200e) was used
to carry out skeletal density studies. The bulk density was also assessed
through mercury intrusion porosimetry to confirm and verify the actual
density of the aerogels.
6
Nanofiber Phase Composition Analysis
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The X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku D/Max-3c, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm) is employed to analyze the phase composition of the nanofibers. The working voltage and current were set to be 40 kV and 15 mA, respectively. The scan range was set from 5° to 80° with the speed of 5° min−1. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, SU8020, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscope (JEM-2800, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) were utilized to characterize the morphologies and structures of the nanofibers. The EDX mapping experiment was also conducted on the same TEM. All the TEM images were processed on Gatan® DigitalMicrograph software (Gatan, Inc. Pleasanton, CA, USA).
7
Characterization of NiCo2O4 Nanomaterials
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The phase structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Rigaku D/max-3C. The morphologies and microstructures were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-7610F, Japan) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM, TF20), respectively. The composition and valence of elements of the prepared NiCo2O4 nanomaterials were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha), Raman spectrometer (Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution), and TGA/DSC system (Netzsch STA 449 F3). The magnetic characters of the as-prepared samples were observed via a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, LakeShore7404, USA) at room temperature. The specific surface and pore size distribution were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms (ASAP 2460). To demonstrate the presence of oxygen vacancies, the samples were tested using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR, Bruker EMXplus-6/1, Germany).
8
Comprehensive Material Characterization Protocol
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Elemental analysis was carried out using a Vario MICRO organic elemental analyzer. FTIR spectra were recorded on a Thermo Nicolet 360 spectrophotometer. XRD patterns were obtained from a Rigaku D/max-3C (Japan) using Cu Ka radiation. Raman spectra were measured using a Renishaw 1000 microspectrometer (excitation wavelength of 632.8 nm). TEM and HRTEM measurements were performed on a Tecnai G2 F20S-TWIN electronic microscopy at operation voltage of 200 KV. The height distribution of the obtained GQDs was characterized by atomic force microscopy (Nanoman, Veeco, Santa Barbara, CA) by using tapping mode. UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded by a Lambda 750 UV/Vis spectrophotometer. All FL spectra were obtained by a Cary Eclipse Varian fluorescence spectrophotometer. ECL signals were measured simultaneously by an ECL & EC multi-functional detection system (MPI-E, Remex Electronic Instrument Lt. Co., Xi’an, China) equipped with three electrodes system (a 0.3 cm2 Pt wire working electrode, a Pt wire counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode). EPR spectra were recorded on a Bruker A-300-EPR X-band spectrometer.
9
Characterization of AgBr/AgVO3 Photocatalysts
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The phase purity and components of the AgBr/AgVO3 photocatalysts were characterized by XRD (Rigaku D/max-3C, Japan) operating at 40 kV and 30 mA with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm). TEM and HRTEM images were taken on a Tecnai G220 transmission electron microscope at 200 kV acceleration voltage. The nitrogen (N2) adsorption–desorption measurements were conducted at 77 K by use of Micromeritics ASAP2020, and the sample was degassed at 200 °C for 6 h to remove physisorbed gases. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) approach using adsorption data was followed to evaluate the specific surface area. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were measured using a Multifunctional imaging electron spectrometer (Thermo ESCALAB 250XI, USA). The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS) of the samples were tested using a Hitachi U-3900H Spectrometer (Japan) using BaSO4 as the reference.
10
Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Characterization
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XPS (ESCALAB250X, Thermo Scientific) and X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/Max 3C, Rigaku) were used to study the structural quality. TEM (JEM-2100HR, JEOL) and SEM (JSM-7800F, JEOL) were used to characterize the morphology of the samples. UV–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-3600, Shimadzu Corporation) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (7407, Lake Shore) were used to characterize the optical and magnetic properties of the samples. Raman spectra were obtained with an Ar+-ion laser (inVia Raman, Renishaw).
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