A tetrahydroquinoline (THQ)‐type compound (C23H19BrF2N2O) was synthesized as previously described 40 , 41 . Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, corticosterone, hydrocortisone, and testosterone were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Dithiothreitol (DTT), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and progesterone were obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). 20‐Hydroxyecdysone (20E), ecdysone, ponasterone A (Pon A), aldosterone, halofenozide, and o‐nitrophenyl‐β‐d ‐galactopyranoside (ONPG) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Restriction enzymes, DNA modification enzymes, and other chemicals were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., TaKaRa Bio Inc. (Otsu, Japan), or TOYOBO Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).
Corticosterone
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Japan, United States
Corticosterone is a laboratory reagent used in research applications. It is a steroid hormone that plays a role in the regulation of various physiological processes. Corticosterone can be utilized in experimental studies, but its specific functions and applications should be determined by the researcher.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Hydrocortisone, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Tebufenozide, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Testosterone, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ecdysone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
O nitrophenyl β d galactopyranoside, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
20 hydroxyecdysone 20e, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Restriction enzymes, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Methyl cellulose 400 solution, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Dopamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Taurine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ultrapure water, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L carnosine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L dopa, by LGC (1 mentions)
2 5 dihydroxybenzoic acid dhb, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Bisphenol a, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tetraethylammonium chloride tea, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using corticosterone
1
Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrahydroquinoline Compound
2
Corticosterone-Induced Depression Model
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Mice in the seven groups were subcutaneously (s.c.) administered corticosterone (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day in a volume of 5 mL/kg once a day. The administration periods used were 9 days for two groups, 16 days for another two groups, and 25 days for the last three groups. The remaining three groups were administered vehicle (DMSO/polyethylene glycol (PEG)-300 (3:7) solution). The administration periods used were 9 days, 16 days, and 25 days for each group.
HMF was prepared from orange oil (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) as described previously [24 (link)]. FLX was purchased from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA). Both chemicals were dissolved in DMSO/PEG-300 (3:7) solution. In the corticosterone plus HMF-treated group (CORT + HMF group) or corticosterone plus FLX-treated group (CORT + FLX group), HMF (50 mg/kg/day) or FLX (10 mg/kg/day) was s.c. administered simultaneously with corticosterone for 9, 16, or 25 days. The control group (CON group) and corticosterone-treated group (CORT group) were s.c. administered the same volume of vehicle (DMSO/PEG-300 solution).
HMF was prepared from orange oil (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) as described previously [24 (link)]. FLX was purchased from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA). Both chemicals were dissolved in DMSO/PEG-300 (3:7) solution. In the corticosterone plus HMF-treated group (CORT + HMF group) or corticosterone plus FLX-treated group (CORT + FLX group), HMF (50 mg/kg/day) or FLX (10 mg/kg/day) was s.c. administered simultaneously with corticosterone for 9, 16, or 25 days. The control group (CON group) and corticosterone-treated group (CORT group) were s.c. administered the same volume of vehicle (DMSO/PEG-300 solution).
3
Corticosterone Oral Administration Protocol
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Corticosterone (Fujifilm Wako, Japan) at 0.2 mg/body was dissolved in 0.1 ml of 0.5 w v−1% methylcellulose 400 solution (Fujifilm Wako, Japan) and administered orally. In the control group, only 0.1 ml of vehicle was administered.
4
Optimizing Molecular Characterization Techniques
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Nine-aminoacridine (9AA) was purchased from Merck Schuchardt (Hohenbrunn, Germany). 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was purchased from Bruker Daltonics (Germany). Methanol, ethanol, and ultrapure water (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) were used for the preparation of all solvents. All chemicals used in this study were of the highest purity available. For the Kawamoto method (Kawamoto and Shimizu, 2000 (link)), adhesive film (Cryofilm type IIC) was purchased from Leica Microsystems (Wetzlar, Germany). Standard chemicals of L-carnosine, inosine monophosphate, taurine, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Dopamine (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and L-DOPA (Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, Canada) were also purchased and used in the study.
5
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Protocol
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Chemicals 17β-Estradiol (E2), 17α-estradiol, corticosterone, diethylhexyl phthalate, bisphenol A, and 4-nonylphenol were obtained from Wako Chemicals (Richmond, VA, USA), Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI, Tokyo, Japan). All chemicals were dissolved in DMSO.
6
Extraction and Preparation of Green Barley Leaf Compounds
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Young green barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook), 20–35 cm in height, were supplied by JPD Co. Ltd. (Hyogo, Japan); the manufacturer collected the specimens in Oita Prefecture, Japan and extracted juice from the leaves to produce a dried powder, in accordance with the company's guide to Good Manufacturing Practice. RIZE® tablets were obtained from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma (Osaka, Japan), corticosterone was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), and dexamethasone was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Young green barley leaves were dissolved in distilled water. Clotiazepam was extracted from RIZE® tablets with methanol and dissolved in distilled water containing 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose, medium viscosity.
7
Uptake Assays for Neurotransmitter Transporters
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Uptake assays were performed as described previously 16 . Briefly, cells were incubated in Krebs–Ringer phosphate HEPES (KRPH) buffer containing [3H]‐labeled substrate (1 μCi·mL−1) at 37 °C for 2–60 min (for time‐dependent uptake) or 5 min (for dose‐dependent uptake and Na+/Cl−/H+‐dependent uptake). [3H]‐labeled noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine were purchased from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA, USA) and [3H]‐1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridium acetate (MPP+) was purchased from American Radiolabelled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Specific uptake rates in transfected cells were calculated by subtracting uptake in mock‐transfected CHO‐K1 cells.
The dependence of transporter activity on extracellular Na+ and/or Cl− was examined by comparing MPP+ transport in KRPH buffer, Na+‐free buffer, and Cl−‐free buffer10 . The influence of extracellular pH on transport activity was investigated by comparing transport in pH 6.6 MES buffer, pH 7.4 HEPES buffer, and pH 8.2 HEPES buffer. Drug inhibition assays were performed using decynium‐22, imipramine hydrochloride, tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride, cimetidine (Sigma‐Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), and corticosterone (Wako). The effects of protein kinase inhibitors on mOct3 activity were investigated using H‐89, RO‐32‐0432, and KN‐93 (all from Sigma‐Aldrich).
The dependence of transporter activity on extracellular Na+ and/or Cl− was examined by comparing MPP+ transport in KRPH buffer, Na+‐free buffer, and Cl−‐free buffer
8
Pharmacological Challenge Study in GAERS
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We next conducted a series of acute pharmacological challenge studies (n = 7-9 animals per study), all of which followed the same general protocol, as described previously. 37 GAERS were connected to EEG cables for at least 60 min prior to injection of drug, to record a stable baseline of seizure occurrence. Animals were then injected with drug, and the EEG recording persisted for a further 2 h. Separate cohorts of rats were used for each drug study, and drug doses within each study were delivered in a randomized fashion, with at least 48 h separating treatment days. Studies were always done in the daytime, with injections occurring between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. The drugs used were: corticosterone, purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (0-30 mg/kg dissolved in 50% ethanol and saline); metyrapone, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (0-100 mg/kg dissolved in 20% dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO] and saline), and DOC purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (0-30 mg/kg dissolved in βcyclodextrin in 80% Na 2 HPO 4 and 20% DMSO). All drugs were delivered intraperitoneally. Seizures were analyzed as described above, with the reviewer blinded to the treatment each animal received until the analyses were complete.
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