Collagen coated 12 transwell

Ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) (Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) were obtained. In addition, Naringenin (internal standard; IS), Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS, adjusted to pH 5.4 using 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid or to pH 7.4 using Tris-base), sodium citrate, NaOH, and Na₂CO₃ (Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) were purchased. Moreover, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, fetal bovine serum, non-essential amino acids, collagen-coated 12-transwell, and penicillin–streptomycin (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) were procured. All other chemicals and solvents were reagent or analytical grade.

RGE was purchased from the Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Youngjoo, Kyungpook, Korea) (Table 1). 20(S)-ginsenosides Rb1 (GRb1), GRb2, GRc, GRd, GRg1, GRg3, GRe, GRh1, GRh2, GF1, GF2, 20(S)-compound K (CK), 20(S)-proptopanaxadiol (PPD), and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) were purchased from the Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Korea). Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS, pH 7.4), propranolol, caffeine, atenolol, ofloxacin, metformin, berberine (internal standards, IS), and pooled mouse plasma were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Commercially available lactic acid bacterial formulation (LAB) was purchased from Chong Kun Dang Health Care (Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea) (Table 2). Difco Lactobacilli MRS broth was purchased from BD BioSciences (Sparks, MD, USA). Collagen-coated 12-transwell, Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fecal bovine serum, non-essential amino acids, penicillin-streptomycin, pooled liver microsomes prepared from male CD-1 mice were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Tewksbury, MA, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of reagent or analytical grade.