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11 protocols using asap 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer

1

Comprehensive Characterization of ZSM-5 Zeolite

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The powder X-ray
diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed on a Bruker D8 Advance
X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation to identify the ZSM-5
zeolite crystalline phase. The working voltage and current were 40
kV and 40 mA. The scanning rate and range (2θ) were 5 °/min
and 5–60°. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of
ZSM-5 crystal seed and film morphology were inspected with a JSM-7500F
cold field emission scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan). The
acceleration voltage and working current were 5 kV and 20 mA. All
samples were coated with gold before measurements. The particle size
distribution of the ZSM-5 crystal seed was collected by dynamic light
scattering (DLS) mode of Nano ZSE Zetasizer (Malvern, U.K.). The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K were measured
by ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer (Micromeritics), with
the aim to confirm the pore distribution of the ZSM-5 film. Before
the analysis, the film capillary sample was degassed in vacuum at
200 °C for 12 h.
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2

Characterization of Catalytic Materials

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The morphology and structure of the as-prepared catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi SU8010, Tokyo, Japan), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM 2100 LaB6, Tokyo, Japan), powder X-ray diffractometer analysis (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance instrument, Karlsruhe, Germany) with a Cu Kα irradiation source at a scanning rate of 1° per min, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI5000 Versaprobe, Kanagawa, Japan) with an Al Kα X-ray source. The binding energies of the XPS measurements were calibrated to the C 1s peak at 285.0 eV. The specific surface areas and pore size distribution of the catalysts were conducted on the ASAP2460 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer (Micromeritics, Atlanta, GA, USA). The surface areas (SBET) were calculated from the N2 sorption isotherms via the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, and the pore size distributions were calculated from the N2 isotherms using the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) method.
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3

Multimodal Characterization of Materials

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Transmission electron microscopy was conducted on a Tecnai F30 microscope (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was measured by an ESCALAB 250 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Fourier-transform infrared spectra were recorded by a Nicolet 5700 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). X-ray diffraction was measured on an Ultima III (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation. Scanning electron microscopy was performed using a Supra55 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Raman spectra were recorded using an inVia reflex Raman spectrometer (Renishaw, London, UK) with laser excitation at 514 nm. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements were conducted on an ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer (Micromeritics, Atlanta, GA, USA).
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4

Structural Characterization of Aerogels

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A CO2 critical point dryer (13200JE-AB) was employed to obtain the aerogels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, NANOSEM450, US) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2 F30) instruments equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) equipment were utilized to characterize the morphologies of the as-prepared materials. XPS data were collected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Kratos, Axis Supra). XRD patterns were obtained with a SHIMADZU XRD-7000 X-ray diffractometer. The samples for the XPS and XRD test were prepared by dropping a certain amount of material solution onto a Ti substrate (about 6 mg sample). UV-vis spectroscopy of the supernatant of the hydrogel solution was performed on a U-3900H UV/VIS spectrophotometer (2J2-0034). The N2 physisorption isotherms and the distribution of the pore size of the materials were obtained using an ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer (Micromeritics). The electrochemical activation of PdOx was conducted via the chronoamperometry method. The reduction degree of PdOx could be controlled by adjusting the potential and the treating time. The electrocatalytic performance of samples was tested by utilizing a CHI660E electrochemical workstation (Shanghai Chenhua Instruments Co., Ltd, China) with a standard three-electrode system at room temperature.
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5

Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts

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The morphologies and structures of the prepared catalysts were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JSM-7800F), transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2800F), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM, JEM-2800F), aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (AC HAADF-STEM, JEM-ARM200F), X-ray Diffraction (XRD, Rigaku XtalAB PRO MM007 DW), and Raman spectroscopy (HORIBA LabRAM HR Evolution). N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were obtained by using a Micromeritics ASAP 2460 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi) was employed to investigate the surface composition, and chemical states of samples. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Agilent 725ES) was employed to investigate the accurate element contents of samples.
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6

Foam Characterization by ASAP2460 Analyzer

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An ASAP2460 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer (Micromeritics Instrument Corp.) was used to measure the pore volume, specific surface area and pore size distribution of the foam samples. The minimum limit of specific surface area that this instrument can detect is 0.0001 m2/g and the measured pore size is 3.5-5000 Å.
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7

Characterization of 3D Graphene Materials

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The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were collected using a Shimadzu FTIR (IR Prestige-21) spectrometer. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was performed with a Rigaku Dmax-3C diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15408 nm) at 40 kV and 20 mA. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the samples were recorded using a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra were recorded on a fluorospectrophotometer (Horiba Fluoromax-4) at room temperature. The chemical states of the surface elements were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher ESCALAB 250Xi). The specific surface area was measured using a Micromeritics ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer. The Raman spectra were obtained on a confocal microscopy Raman spectrometer (excitation at 532 nm). The morphology of the 3DG materials was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (S-3400N).
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8

Comprehensive Spectroscopic Characterization

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Fluorescence spectra were recorded using a RF-5301 spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). An Avaspec 2048 spectrometer (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands) was used to record ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Spectrum BX FTIR spectroscope (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) on solid samples dispersed within KBr discs. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained using a JSM-5200 microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) images were obtained using a JEM-2010 microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The surface areas were measured with an ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyzer (Micromeritics, Norcross, USA).
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9

Comprehensive Characterization of Catalysts

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X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was carried out on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer fitted with Cu–K radiation to determine the phase identity of the synthesized samples. The specific surface area of each sample was measured by using a Micromeritics ASAP 2460 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer with the BET method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were examined by using a JEOL model JEM 2010 EX instrument. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) was recorded on a FEI Tecnai G2F20 instrument and operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Surface electronic states were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with an AXIS ULTRA spectrometer. The amount of catalyst elements was determined using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), Perkin-Elmer Optima 3000V. Furthermore, the basic properties of samples were determined using temperature-programmed desorption with CO2 as a probe molecule, which were performed on a Micromeritics AutoChem 2920 II instrument with the temperature-programmed mode. The amount of CO2 desorbed in the temperature range of 100–900 °C was detected by thermal conductivity detector.
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of MPDA Nanoparticles

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MPDA nanoparticles were prepared as previously described.32 (link) Briefly, dopamine hydrochloride (0.30 g) and F127 (0.2 g) were dissolved in a mixed solution containing de-ionized water (10 ml) and ethanol (10 ml) while stirring. After 30 min, trimethyl benzene (320 μl) was added, and the mixture was sonicated for 10 min in a water bath. Subsequently, 750 μl of ammonia solution was added dropwise while stirring. Next, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, and finally, MPDA nanoparticles were obtained by centrifugation at 13 000 × g for 15 min, washed several times with water and ethanol, and suspended in water for further use. The morphological characteristics of the MPDA nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, ZEISS GeminiSEM 300, Germany) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Talos S-FEG, USA), and their surface parameters were measured from N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms obtained using an ASAP 2460 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer (Micromeritics Instrument Corp., Norcross, GA, USA).
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