Hem 7121 e

Socio-demographic data (age, gender) and relevant clinical information (aetiology of CKD, comorbidities, dietary regimens, use of medications known to influence serum uric acid and creatinine levels) were recorded from the patient’s medical chart or obtained by interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric data including height and weight were obtained using a stadiometer (measured to the nearest 0.1 cm, without any foot or head wear) and a manual weighing scale (measured to the nearest 0.1 kg, with light clothing and no foot wear) respectively. Blood pressure was measured according to World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines [32 (link)] using an automatic blood pressure machine (OMRON® M2, HEM-7121-E). The most recent (less than 3 months) values of haemoglobin, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and plasma creatinine in patient’s medical charts were recorded.
Uric acid in the serum specimen was measured using the direct kinetic uricase method [33 (link)]. A clean-catch mid-stream urine specimen from all participants was collected for spot protein and creatinine assessment using the Benzethonium Chloride [34 (link)] and Jaffé method [35 (link)] respectively.

The use of anti-hypertensive medication and steroids, history of smoking and family history of DM were based on the participants’ self-reports and their medical records. The mean BP value of each participant was calculated as the average of two measurements taken on the right arm in a sitting position using an electronic automated and clinically validated BP monitor (Omron M2, HEM—7121—E) with a suitable sized cuff (22–34 cm), with at least 5 minute intervals of rest between measurements. HTN was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg [15 ]. Weight (to the nearest 0.5 kg) was measured using a scale (BRN 9311). Participants were permitted to keep on light clothing. Height (in meters to the nearest 0.5cm) was measured using a stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) in kg/m² was calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m) X height (m)]. BMI-defined overweight was considered as a BMI between 25 to 29.9 Kg/m² and BMI-defined obesity as a BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m². The WHR-defined abdominal obesity was considered as WHR > 0.9 in men and WHR > 0.85 in women.