Potassium iodide ki

A single step growth method was used for doping. Manganese chloride (MnCl₂, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA, purity 97%) was placed in the first heating zone and tungsten trioxide powder was placed in the second heating zone. The first and second heating zones were set at 1140 °C, while the third zone was set at 1060 °C. Then, 10 sccm of oxygen and 90 sccm of argon were introduced as the reaction gas and carrier gas, respectively. The temperature was held for six hours and then cooled down to room temperature naturally. As for synthesis of potassium-doped tungsten oxide nanowires, potassium iodide (KI, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, purity 99.5%) was placed in the first heating zone of the tube furnace tube, while tungsten trioxide powder was placed in the third heating zone with 100 sccm of argon as the carrier gas. The rest of the procedures were the same as the manganese doping experiment. Investigation and characterization of the synthesized WO₃, Mn-doped, and K-doped WO₃ nanowires were conducted with AFE-SEM (Zeiss Auriga, CarlZeiss, Jena, Germany) HR-TEM (JOEL JEM-2100F CS STEM, Tokyo, Japan), (EDS (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA), and XPS (ULVAC-PHI 5000 Versaprobe, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan).

The stock solutions of TPP(SO₃H)₄, TPP(SO₂NHEt)₄, and ZnTPP(SO₂NHEt)₄ were prepared at 500 µM in DMSO and kept in the dark. Prior to each assay, the PS stock solution was sonicated for 30 min at room temperature (ultrasonic bath, Nahita 0.6 L, 40 kHz).
Potassium iodide (KI) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and KI solutions were prepared at 5 M in sterile PBS immediately before each assay.

Poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, RG503H,MW ≅ 11,000) was used as received from the manufacturer (Evonik, Essen, Germany). Isopropanol was purchased from Carlo Erba, Cornaredo Milan, Italy. Cholesterol, Pluronic^® F68, Acetonitrile, Ethanol, Acetone, Chloroform, Barium Chloride (BaCl₂), Iodide (I₂), and Potassium Iodide (KI) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck Life Sciences, Milan, Italy). All solvents and reagents purchased were of analytical purity and used as delivered.

50 mg photocatalyst was dispersed in 30 ml H₂O with 1 mmol benzylamine. After the sonication for a few seconds, the mixed solution was bubbled by oxygen for 30 s. Subsequently, the solution was sealed and irradiated under an AM 1.5G simulated sunlight of 100 mW cm⁻² derived from a 300 W xenon lamp fitted with an AM 1.5 filter. At certain time intervals, the solution was filtrated by a 0.22 μm Millipore filter to remove the photocatalyst. The aqueous and organic phase products were then analyzed by the iodometry and gas chromatograph (GC) measurements, respectively.
The production of H₂O₂ was analyzed by the iodometry^{12 (link)}. Typically, 50 μL 0.4 M potassium iodide (KI, ≥99% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) aqueous solution and 50 μL 0.1 M potassium hydrogen phthalate (≥99.5% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) aqueous solution were added to 2ml obtained aqueous phase product, which was kept for 0.5 h. The mixed solution was then detected by UV–vis spectroscopy on the basis of absorbance at 350 nm, from which the quantity of generated H₂O₂ was estimated. In addition, to analyze organic phase product from the benzylamine oxidation, the organic liquid was first extracted using ethyl acetate (≥99.9% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) and then detected by the GC characterization. Fihu

We have purchased nominally 50 and 80 nm AuNP (EM.GC50 and EM.GC80, citrate capped) from commercial source (BBI Solutions) and further process them for inkjet printing. The optical density of the 50 and 80 nm AuNP purchased from BBI Solutions are 1 and 0.89 (at 520 nm), respectively. Stock solutions of fentanyl, heroin and cocaine used in this study were purchased in 1 mg/ml concentration certified reference materials from Cerilliant Corp. Potassium iodide (KI) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (≥ 99.0%) and used as is. Raman reporter Trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (assay 97%).