Spss statistics version 24 2016

Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24 (2016), Armonk, NY, USA. The proportion (%) of products displaying NNC claims, health claims and buzzwords on HF snack products and equivalent RA foods was calculated and presented using descriptive statistics. The HSR was used to broadly classify product ‘healthfulness’; products were classified as having an HSR ≤ 2.5 or >2.5 for NCC, health claim and buzzword comparisons. The data were checked for normality and found to be non-normal distribution; therefore, the median and interquartile range were used. The product claims, nutrient composition and unit price ($) per 100 g were compared between HF snack products and equivalent RA foods using Mann-Whitney U tests. A p-value of <0.001 was considered statistically significant due to the large number of tests undertaken. The HSR was used to group products for unit price comparisons using descriptive statistics.

We performed descriptive statistics for age, sex, height, weight, BMI, osteoporosis, osteopenia, smoking, physical activity quantified by the IPAQ score categories (HIGH: physical activity level equate to approximately 1 h or more of activity level of at least moderate intensity, MODERATE: activity more than likely equivalent to half an hour of at least moderate intensity on most days, and LOW: not meeting the criteria for moderate or high levels of physical activity), low energy trauma mechanism of injury (yes/no), 25-(OH) vitamin D levels and polypharmacy (defined as using three or more prescribed medications on a daily basis). Data for fracture patients were compared with controls using chi square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data and two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data, as appropriate. To assess factors associated with fracture and Danis-Weber category, we estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression models. All p values were two-sided, and values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All calculations were performed using IBM® SPSS Statistics Version 24, 2016 and R version 3.6.2 [39 ].