Images were collected in accordance with the clinical acute stroke imaging protocols at Foothills Medical Centre. Where possible, MRI was collected and included fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequences. In cases where MRI was not possible, standardized CT protocols were used. MRI was collected using a General Electric 1.5 or 3.0 T scanner. CT imaging was collected using either of three General Electric CT scanners or a Siemens system scanner.
Ct scanners
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
Computed tomography (CT) scanners are medical imaging devices that use X-rays to create detailed, cross-sectional images of the body. They are capable of producing high-resolution images of internal structures, including bones, organs, and soft tissues.
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Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using ct scanners
1
Acute Stroke Imaging Protocols
2
Deep Learning for ICH Segmentation
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All CT scans diagnosed with ICH utilized in this research were obtained by CT scanners produced by Siemens, Philips, United Imaging, and General Medical System. The slice thickness of the CT scans is mainly 5 mm. Specifically, the numerical distribution of the manufacturer model name in our ICH dataset is displayed in Figure 2 . The dataset contained 678 male and 478 female patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, and the gender of one scan was unknown. In our ICH dataset, CT slices of 857 patients are adopted to train the deep learning model, CT slices of 100 patients are used to adjust parameters during the training stage, and CT slices of 200 patients are employed to evaluate the overall segmentation performance. After anonymizing sensitive information in original DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) data, lesions in five sub-types of ICH, including IPH, IVH, EDH, SDH, and SAH, were annotated by six experienced radiologists. Based on the above stages, two senior neurologists with more than 5 years of experience corrected the mislabeling of preliminary lesion annotations and further refined the outline, location, and categories of hemorrhage lesions. The final segmentation gold standard was determined by senior neurologists after reaching a consensus.
3
Standardized Renal Imaging Protocol
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All patients underwent a three-phase CT scan, including (1) a routine unenhanced CT scan, (2) a corticomedullary phase (CMP) contrast-enhanced scan starting 40 s after injection of the contrast material, and (3) a nephrographic phase (NP) contrast-enhanced scan performed 70-90 s after intravenous injection of iodinated contrast material. The iodine content (300 mg/mL) was infused at an infusion rate of 3 mL/s at an infusion dose of 80-100 mL. All subjects were scanned on GE Healthcare and Siemens Healthineers CT scanners with a tube voltage of 120 kVp and a tube current of 150-300 mA using daily clinical reconstruction parameters.
4
Comparative CT Scanner Evaluation
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Six different CT scanners (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Forchheim, Germany.; ▶ Table 2), each in line with the currently available CT generation, were used in our study, depending on the date of implementation in our institution (▶ Fig. 2
5
Standardized Chest CT Acquisition
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The selected CT scans were performed on various Siemens CT scanners (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) (Supplementary Table S1 ). All scout views were acquired in inspiration in anterior–posterior direction with a tube voltage of 120 kV and tube currents between 20 and 100 mA (Supplementary Table S2 ).
6
Cerebral Arterial Modeling from CTA
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CTA images were acquired on Siemens CT scanners (Siemens AG, München, Germany) in accordance with a standardized imaging protocol, and the CTA images were reconstructed to 0.60–0.75 mm slices (van der Harst et al., 2019 (link)). Two physicians (Y.S. and M.U.), blinded to the TCD results and clinical information, evaluated the images for scan quality and measured the diameter of the distal and proximal points of each artery from the brain CTA using the TeraRecon AquariusNET iNtuition Viewer [V.4.4.13 (P4)]. The CTA was excluded if the images were determined as uninterpretable due to movement, insufficient contrast in the arteries, or severe artifacts due to clip/coils.
Three points of each ACA, MCA, PCA, and ICA, as well as two points of BA and three communicating arteries were measured for simulation. The details of these locations have previously been described in the study protocol (Shen et al., 2020 (link)) and is sketched inFigure 1 .
In the numerical model, each artery segment is depicted as a uniform thin and homogeneous deformable tube, the diameter of which is the volume-equivalent diameter by multiple measure points from CTA.
Three points of each ACA, MCA, PCA, and ICA, as well as two points of BA and three communicating arteries were measured for simulation. The details of these locations have previously been described in the study protocol (Shen et al., 2020 (link)) and is sketched in
In the numerical model, each artery segment is depicted as a uniform thin and homogeneous deformable tube, the diameter of which is the volume-equivalent diameter by multiple measure points from CTA.
7
Detailed CT Scout View Acquisition Protocol
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All CT scout views were acquired in inspiration in anterior–posterior direction on several Siemens CT scanners (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) (Table 3 ). Tube voltage varied between 80 and 140 kV and tube currents between 20 and 100 mA. Overall, the scout views were acquired on 23 different scanners.
CT scanners used to acquire the CT scout views. Scanners with less than 50 examinations were gathered into the “Other” group and contained 18 scanners (for example, SOMATOM Emotion 6, Emotion 16, Sensation 4, Sensation 16, etc.).
| All (N = 2384) | Train (N = 1469) | Validation (N = 423) | Test (N = 492) | Tube voltage | Tube current | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOMATOM definition flash | 855 | 678 | 98 | 79 | 120 kV | 20 mA |
| SOMATOM force | 702 | 210 | 220 | 272 | 120 kV | 35 mA |
| SOMATOM definition AS + | 467 | 336 | 56 | 75 | 120 kV | 36 mA |
| SOMATOM definition AS | 142 | 63 | 36 | 43 | 120 kV | 35 mA |
| Volume zoom | 113 | 113 | 0 | 0 | 120 kV | 100 mA |
| Other | 105 | 69 | 13 | 23 | 80–140 kV | 20–60 mA |
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