Dioscin

Dioscin was sourced from Chengdu Must Bio-technology Co., Ltd. Porphyromonas gingivalis-LPS was procured from InvivoGen. The ROS Assay Kit, Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos, Hoechst 33342 staining kit, and Mitochondrial Isolation kit were obtained from Beyotime. MitoSOX™ Red was from Thermo Fisher. DAPI Fluoromount-G™ was from Yeasen. Mitoquinone (MitoQ) was bought from MCE.

App^NL-G-F mice were established as described previously [15 (link)], and 3- and 6-month-old male and female mice were used for the experiments. The transgenic experiment was evaluated and approved by the local committee (DP190007, 2 October 2019). Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were used for negative littermates. Mice were housed under the Laboratory Animal Research Center of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan. Dioscin (Dio, Chengdu Must Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China) was dissolved in olive oil by heating at 60 °C and stirring with a glass rod. Memantine hydrochloride (Mema, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Portland, OR, USA), the FDA-approved drug for treating AD, was dissolved in ultrapure water. At 1 month of age, WT and App^NL-G-F mice were administered olive oil (10 mL/kg), Dio (0.2 μmol/kg/day of weight), or Mema (200 μmol/kg/day of weight) by oral gavage for 2 and 5 months, respectively. All animal protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Care and Use of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (AE19-018, permission code, 11 November 2019).