Cacl2

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Switzerland, Italy, China, Ireland, Israel, Spain, Sweden, India, Australia, Macao, Brazil, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Denmark, Belgium

CaCl2 is a chemical compound commonly known as calcium chloride. It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. CaCl2 is a versatile laboratory reagent used in various applications, such as precipitation reactions, desiccation, and control of ionic strength. Its core function is to provide a source of calcium ions (Ca2+) and chloride ions (Cl-) for experimental and analytical purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (292 mentions) Mgcl2, by Merck Group (210 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (206 mentions) Nahco3, by Merck Group (133 mentions) Mgso4, by Merck Group (125 mentions) Hepes, by Merck Group (106 mentions) Glucose, by Merck Group (96 mentions) Kh2po4, by Merck Group (93 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (66 mentions) Nah2po4, by Merck Group (58 mentions) Na2hpo4, by Merck Group (53 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (46 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (46 mentions) D glucose, by Merck Group (45 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (43 mentions) Sucrose, by Merck Group (42 mentions) Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (edta), by Merck Group (41 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (39 mentions) Zncl2, by Merck Group (33 mentions) Triton x 100, by Merck Group (32 mentions)

1 164 protocols using cacl2

Lentiviral Particle Production Protocol

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To produce virus, hGeCKOa and hGeCKOb plasmid pools (Addgene, #1000000049) were co-transfected into HEK293T cells with lentiviral packaging plasmids pMDLG, pMD2G and pRSV-Rev (Addgene #12251, #12259, #12253). HEK293T cells were cultured in DMEM medium (as described above) and seeded in CellStacks (Corning, CLS3313) the day before transfection. For transfection of one CellStack, 40 μg hGeCKOa+b, 40 μg pMDL.G, 20 μg pMD2.G and 14.4 μg pRSV-Rev were mixed and diluted with ddH₂O to a total volume of 1580 μl. 1M CaCl₂ (Sigma Aldrich, C7902) was added dropwise to the plasmid-mix during vortexing with low speed. CaCl2-plasmid-mix was then transferred dropwise to 1580 μl 2xHBS during vortexing and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (RT).
Subsequently, 500 ml DMEM medium was mixed with 2250 μl Chloroquine (Sigma Aldrich, C6628) and the CaCl2-HBS-plasmid-mix and added to the cells. Medium was exchanged with freshly prepared DMEM medium 6h post-transfection. Viral particles were harvested after 72 hours later by filtering the viral supernatant through a 0.22 μm Steriflip-GP filter (Sigma Aldrich, Z660493) and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until usage.

Scheidmann M.C., Castro-Giner F., Strittmatter K., Krol I., Paasinen-Sohns A., Scherrer R., Donato C., Gkountela S., Szczerba B.M., Diamantopoulou Z., Muenst S., Vlajnic T., Kunz L., Vetter M., Rochlitz C., Taylor V., Giachino C., Schroeder T., Platt R.J, & Aceto N. (2021). An In Vivo CRISPR Screen Identifies Stepwise Genetic Dependencies of Metastatic Progression. Cancer Research, 82(4), 681-694.

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Isolation of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells

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Trachea and lungs were removed and placed in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (RKb) solution (mM): 120 NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), 4.7 KCl (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), 1.2 MgSO₄ (Caledon Laboratories LTD, Georgetown, Canada), 1.2 KH₂PO₄ (Técnica Química S.A., Mexico), 25 NaHCO₃ (Caledon Laboratories LTD, Georgetown, Canada), 2.5 CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), and 11 glucose (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), maintained at 37°C and bubbled with a mixture of 95% O₂–5% CO₂, pH = 7.4. The lung tissue was carefully removed to expose bronchi. Connective tissue was removed from trachea and bronchi, and then airway smooth muscle was isolated and placed in a solution containing the following (mM): 137 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1.1 CaCl₂, 20 NaHCO₃, 1 KH₂PO₄, 11 glucose, 25 HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), 1.5% collagenase (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), and 0.8 IU elastase type IV (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA), pH = 7.4. Airway smooth muscle was incubated at 37°C and dissociated by pipetting up and down three or four times in an hour. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) were strained from complete tissue pieces and centrifuged (3500 rpm at 4°C for 5 min).

Zarazúa A., González-Arenas A., Ramírez-Vélez G., Bazán-Perkins B., Guerra-Araiza C, & Campos-Lara M.G. (2016). Sexual Dimorphism in the Regulation of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors by Sex Steroids in the Rat Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2016, 8423192.

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Synthetic Biomineralization of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials

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For the artificial synthesis of CPB, we prepared the stock solutions of CaCl₂ (0.45М, Sigma-Aldrich) and Na₂HPO₄*12H₂O (0.2M, Sigma-Aldrich) and further diluted them to equal concentrations of 1 mM in a flask with 10 mL of the culture medium, incubated samples under the same conditions as above, and the same procedures were performed after 6 weeks of culture. For an artificial synthesis of CPB containing only BSA or HSF, we diluted the stock solutions of CaCl₂ and Na₂HPO₄*12H₂O in DMEM to equal concentrations of 1 mM, and then added either BSA (500 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich) or HSF (10 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich), respectively. All procedures were performed under the sterile conditions. The solutions were incubated for 3 days at 4 °C, centrifuged at 200,000 × g for 1 h at 4 °C, and finally dissolved in sterile ddH₂O.

Kutikhin A.G., Velikanova E.A., Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Glushkova T.V., Borisov V.V., Matveeva V.G., Antonova L.V., Filip’ev D.E., Golovkin A.S., Shishkova D.K., Burago A.Y., Frolov A.V., Dolgov V.Y., Efimova O.S., Popova A.N., Malysheva V.Y., Vladimirov A.A., Sozinov S.A., Ismagilov Z.R., Russakov D.M., Lomzov A.A., Pyshnyi D.V., Gutakovsky A.K., Zhivodkov Y.A., Demidov E.A., Peltek S.E., Dolganyuk V.F., Babich O.O., Grigoriev E.V., Brusina E.B., Barbarash O.L, & Yuzhalin A.E. (2016). Apoptosis-mediated endothelial toxicity but not direct calcification or functional changes in anti-calcification proteins defines pathogenic effects of calcium phosphate bions. Scientific Reports, 6, 27255.

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Fabrication of Monodisperse CaCO3 Particles

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Example 1

A surface of pillars on top of pillars was prepared from non-crosslinked polyurethane by solvent casting on a silicon inverse mold of the desired surface structure. The terminal level, due to its higher pillar density will be more hydrophilic than the larger pillar structure. Accordingly the terminal level will preferentially attract ionic solutions. A 50 mM aqueous solutions of ionic CaCl2 was prepared from CaCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich) in distilled water. The CaCl2 solution is lightly and uniformly coated on a flat hydrophilic surface. The surface is placed terminal level down on the surface, whereby the CaCl2 selectively adheres to the terminal level. The CaCl2, residing on the surface was then placed in a chamber and exposed to a flow of carbon dioxide gas from a nitrogen gas flow over ammonium carbonate powder ((NH4)2CO3, Sigma-Aldrich). After about 30 minutes, the droplets were removed from the substrate by evaporation, and the substrates removed from the chamber. The result is a monodisperse array of CaCO3 particles filling the terminal level of the surface.

US11278941B2. Selective termination of superhydrophobic surfaces (2022-03-22). BVW Holding AG [CH]. Inventors: Michael Milbocker [US], Lukas Bluecher [DE].

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Platelet Separation from Whole Blood

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For all steps in the platelet separation from whole blood, the blood was anticoagulated with 3.2% (w/v) citrate, otherwise with either lepirudin or GPRP supplemented with 0.7% (w/v) citrate. The temperature during the preparation was kept at 25°C. Before platelet and whole blood activation, the 0.7% (w/v) citrate was reversed by the addition of 6.25 mM CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich) and 3.2% (w/v) citrate was reversed with 25 mM CaCl₂. The concentration of citrate, which was sufficient to dampen the hemostatic response in GPRP whole blood, was determined by adding citrate of concentrations from 0.2% (w/v) to 3.2% (w/v) to GPRP-whole blood and analysing the expression of CD62P and CD63 on platelets after 15 minutes of incubation. All incubations for functional tests of platelets were carried out at 37°C without or with the addition of E. coli (10⁷/ml). After incubation, 16 μl of a stop solution containing a mixture of a CTAD solution [0.08 M trisodium citrate, 11 M theophylline, 2.6 M adenosine, 0.14 M dipyridamole] and 0.14 M EDTA was added to every 100 μl of blood or plasma.

Quach H.Q., Johnson C., Ekholt K., Islam R., Mollnes T.E, & Nilsson P.H. (2022). Platelet-Depletion of Whole Blood Reveals That Platelets Potentiate the Release of IL-8 From Leukocytes Into Plasma in a Thrombin-Dependent Manner. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 865386.

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Acute Brain Slice Preparation

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Rats were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane (Kent Scientific) and euthanized by decapitation. The brain was rapidly dissected and glued on a platform submerged in an ice-cold oxygenated (95% O₂/5% CO₂) cutting solution containing (in mM): 206 sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.25 NaH₂PO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 26 NaHCO₃ (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 KCl (Fisher Chemical), 0.4 sodium ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 MgSO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1 MgCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich). A mid-sagittal cut was made to divide the two hemispheres, and coronal brain slices (300 μm) were cut using a vibrating blade microtome (Leica VT1200). The brain slices were transferred to a holding chamber with oxygenated artificial CSF (ACSF) containing (in mM): 119 NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5 KCl (Fisher Chemical), 1 NaH₂PO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 26.2 NaHCO₃ (Sigma-Aldrich), 11 D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 sodium ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.3 MgSO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), and 2.5 CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich; ∼295 mOsm, pH 7.2–7.3) at 37°C for 20 min and then room temperature for at least 40 min of rest. The slices were kept submerged in oxygenated ACSF in a holding chamber at room temperature for up to 7–8 h after slicing.

Maria-Rios C.E., Murphy G.G, & Morrow J.D. (2023). Subregional Differences in Medium Spiny Neuron Intrinsic Excitability Properties between Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell in Male Rats. eNeuro, 10(5), ENEURO.0432-22.2023.

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Lentiviral Particle Production Protocol

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To produce virus, hGeCKOa and hGeCKOb plasmid pools (Addgene, #1000000049) were co-transfected into HEK293T cells with lentiviral packaging plasmids pMDLG, pMD2G and pRSV-Rev (Addgene #12251, #12259, #12253). HEK293T cells were cultured in DMEM medium (as described above) and seeded in CellStacks (Corning, CLS3313) the day before transfection. For transfection of one CellStack, 40 μg hGeCKOa+b, 40 μg pMDL.G, 20 μg pMD2.G, and 14.4 μg pRSV-Rev were mixed and diluted with ddH₂O to a total volume of 1,580 μL. 1 mol/L CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich, C7902) was added dropwise to the plasmid-mix during vortexing with low speed. CaCl₂-plasmid-mix was then transferred dropwise to 1,580 μL 2xHBS during vortexing and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. Subsequently, 500 mL DMEM medium was mixed with 2,250 μL chloroquine (Sigma-Aldrich, C6628) and the CaCl₂-HBS-plasmid-mix and added to the cells. Medium was exchanged with freshly prepared DMEM medium 6 hours after transfection. Viral particles were harvested after 72 hours later by filtering the viral supernatant through a 0.22-μm Steriflip-GP filter (Sigma-Aldrich, Z660493) and immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until usage.

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Alginate Microgel Fabrication and Optimization

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Alginate microgels were produced by dissolving sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, United Kingdom (UK)) in deionized (DI) water at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2% w/v). CaCl₂ solution was prepared by dissolving 4% (w/v) CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DI water. The alginate solution was taken into a 10 ml syringe and extruded through the inner part of the coaxial nozzle at flow rates of 10, 50, 100, and 500 µl min⁻¹, and air pressure levels of 40, 60, 100, and 180 kPa. After optimization, the flow rate was finalized at 100 µl min⁻¹ and the air pressure was varied as mentioned before to regulate the size of microgels. The generated microgels were collected in the CaCl₂ bath for crosslinking. After generating microgels, they were transferred into a 50 ml centrifuge tube and washed thrice using DI water to remove the excess CaCl₂ and uncrosslinked alginate. The collected microgels were used for further studies.

Pal V., Singh Y.P., Gupta D., Alioglu M.A., Nagamine M., Kim M.H, & Ozbolat I.T. (2023). High-throughput microgel biofabrication via air-assisted co-axial jetting for cell encapsulation, 3D bioprinting, and scaffolding applications. Biofabrication, 15(3), 035001.

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Hypothalamic Slice Preparation for Neuron Imaging

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The brain slices of hypothalamic arc region were obtained from POMC-EGFP, AgRP-Cre-Ai14, and DAT-Cre-Ai14 mice (postnatal age: 4–6 weeks). Mice were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane shortly before brain slicing. The brains were quickly shift into cold (4 °C), oxygenated (5% CO₂, 95% O₂) slicing medium containing 110 mM of choline chloride (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5 mM of KCl (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.2 mM of NaH₂PO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich), 25 mM of NaHCO₃ (Sigma-Aldrich), 20 mM of glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 7 mM of MgCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.5 mM of CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich). Coronal slices (150 μm) were cut using a vibratome. After slicing, the mice brain slices were transferred to a holding chamber filled with oxygenated (5% CO₂, 95% O₂) artificial CSF (ACSF) solution containing 124 mM of NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5 mM of KCl, 1 mM of NaH₂PO₄, 26.2 mM of NaHCO₃, 20 mM of glucose, 1.3 mM of MgCl₂, and 2.5 mM of CaCl₂. After at least one hour of recovery, individual slices were transferred to a recording chamber. Oxygenated ACSF continuously flew at a rate of 5 mL/min at 30–32 °C temperature.

Na J., Park B.S., Jang D., Kim D., Tu T.H., Ryu Y., Ha C.M., Koch M., Yang S., Kim J.G, & Yang S. (2022). Distinct Firing Activities of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons to Appetite Hormones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5), 2609.

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Hippocampal Slice Preparation for Electrophysiology

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Mice were briefly anesthetized with 3% sevoflurane before decapitation. Acute sagittal hippocampal slices (300 μm) were obtained using a VT1200S vibratome (Leica, Switzerland) in ice-cold dissection buffer (212 mM sucrose [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# S5016], 25 mM NaHCO₃ [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# S6297], 5 mM KCl [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# P3911], 1.25 mM NaH₂PO₄ [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# S0751], 10 mM D-glucose [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# G7578], 2 mM sodium pyruvate [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# P2256], 1.2 mM sodium ascorbate [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# A4034], 3.5 mM MgCl₂ [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# M0250], 0.5 mM CaCl₂ [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# C3881], continuously aerated with 95% O2/5% CO2). The slices were transferred to a chamber filled with warmed (32 °C) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF: 125 mM NaCl [Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# S7653], 25 mM NaHCO₃, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH₂PO₄, 10 mM D-glucose, 1.3 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, aerated with 95% O2/5% CO₂) for recovery (30 minutes), and then placed in room temperature prior to the experiments.

Cui J., Ju X., Lee Y., Hong B., Kang H., Han K., Shin W.H., Park J., Lee M.J., Kim Y.H., Ko Y., Heo J.Y, & Chung W. (2022). Repeated ketamine anesthesia during neurodevelopment upregulates hippocampal activity and enhances drug reward in male mice. Communications Biology, 5, 709.

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