Sz 100

Average diameters and polydispersity (PDI) indices of emulsions and nano‐emulsions were determined by the DLS method of Hosseinnia, Khaledabad, and Almasi (2017). The DLS method is based on vibrations corresponding with different intensities, produced by the Brown motion of particles along with the change in position in space. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques use HORIBA SZ‐100 instrument. All measurements were carried out at 25°C. The plotting of particle size distribution was carried out directly by the HORIBA SZ‐100 instrument.
The GC‐MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) method was used for determining the chemical components in the compound.
Viscosity was measured by a rotary viscometer, the Rion Viscotester VT‐04 (Japan), based on viscosity changes over time to determine the stability of nano‐emulsions.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique that studies microstructures of solid objects. The high‐energy electron beams from the instrument penetrate through specimens and lenses were used to create images, resulting in the magnification level of up to 400,000 times for most of materials and millions of times for atoms. Images were recorded with a digital camera on fluorescent screens or optical films.

Mean particle size and size distribution analysis were performed using the dynamic light scattering technique (SZ-100, Horiba scientific, Kyoto, Japan) at 25°C. Zeta potentials (SZ-100, Horiba scientific, Kyoto, Japan) were measured to evaluate surface charge and stability of particles. These prepared NPs were diluted in deionized water (1/10, w/v) and placed in measurement cell for analysis (n = 5).

The volume-weighted mean droplet size and distribution width (Span) were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) (SZ100, Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) at 20 °C.
The electrical surface charge of the samples was investigated by DLS (SZ100, Horiba, Japan) at room temperature according to the Smoluchowski equation (Equation (1)).
$${\mathsf{\mu }}_{\mathrm{e}}=\frac{\mathsf{\epsilon }\mathsf{\zeta }}{\mathsf{\eta }}$$
where μ_e is the electrophoretic mobility (m² s⁻¹ V⁻¹), ε is the permittivity (J V⁻² m⁻¹), ζ is the zeta potential (V), and η is the viscosity (g m⁻¹ s⁻¹).

We assessed droplet size by dynamic light scattering (DLS; SZ-100, Horiba Scientific, Kyoto, Japan), and we measured zeta potential of nanoemulsion using a zeta potential analyzer (SZ-100, Horiba Scientific, Kyoto, Japan). The prepared nanoemulsion was diluted with DIW (1/20, w/v) and gently mixed for 1 min. The samples were loaded on the measurement cells maintained at 25 °C. The pH of prepared formulation was determined using a pH meter (SevenEasy, Mettler-Toledo, Zürich, Switzerland). We performed these preparation procedures twice more and evaluated the physicochemical properties through the same process as above.