Diammonium salt

HPLC-grade acetonitrile (LC-MS grade), methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, formic acid (>98% purity), Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS^TM), potassium persulphate, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, resveratrol, and rutin were supplied by Merck (Milan, Italy). De-ionized water (18.2 MΩ cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and hyperoside were supplied by Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Rhamnetin, isoRhamnetin, caftaric acid, and quercetin 3-O-glucuronide were from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany).

Ascorbic acid, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, potassium persulfate, albumin from bovine serum (BSA), and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) were sourced from the Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). TRIS-HCl (0.2 M, pH 8) and HPLC-grade methanol were sourced from P.O.Ch. (Gliwice, Poland).

Soy protein isolate (SPI, ~90% protein) and CGM (~62% protein) were supplied by Shansong Industrial Chinese Co. Ltd. and a grain processing refinery, Golshahd Co. Ltd., respectively. Alcalase 2.4 L from Bacillus licheniformis, with the activity of 2.4 Anson Units (AU)/g, and a density of 1.18 g/ml was purchased from Novozymes. 2,2 Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 4‐nitrophenyl α‐d‐glucopyranoside (PNPG), porcine pancreatic α‐amylase, rat intestinal α‐glucosidase, ACE (5 UN), hippuryl‐his‐leu (HHL), and ammonium salt of 1‐anilino‐8‐naphtalene‐sulphonic acid (ANS) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Soluble starch ACS reagent was purchased from Merck.

All the chemicals used in the experiments were of analytical grade. Acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) were HPLC gradient-grade (Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Per-chloric (60%) and hydrochloric acid (37%) were from J.T. Baker (NJ, United States). Sigma-Aldrich Chemie (Sant Quentin Fallavier, France) provided Alcalase 2.4 L FG (CAS no. 9014-01-1), ortho-phthaldialdehyde reagent (OPA), l-glutathione, borate buffer, formic acid (for LC-MS LiChropur™), ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC), triethylamine (TEA), pure standards for 19 amino acids, taurine, hypotaurine and homotaurine, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), α-diphenyl-β- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), potassium persulfate, Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The SIRT1 Direct Fluorescent Screening Assay Kit was from ABNOVA (Cat # KA1366, Taiwan).

Ethanol, hydrochloric acid (37%), and acetone of HPLC grade were purchased from Scharlab Chemie (Barcelona, Spain). Gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, epicatechin, vanillin, polyethylene glycol (8000 Da), polyethylene glycol (4000 Da), twin20 (1228 Da), ethylene glycol (62 Da), dextran (50,000 Da), iron(III) chloride, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), potassium persulfate, 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and diammonium salt (ABTS)were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were obtained from Merck (Hesse, Darmstadt, Germany).
MEthanol (99.99%), formic acid, acetonitrile, and butanol of HPLC grade were supplied by Fisher Scientific (Midlands, Leicestershire, UK). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ/cm) was obtained from a Millipore system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Promod 439 L^TM enzyme was a kind donation of Biocatalysts Ltd. (Wales, Cardiff, UK).