The concentrations of calbindin, clusterin, GST-pi, KIM-1, MCP-1, and B2M were measured using an immunoassay for kidney toxicology research – the Bio-Plex Pro™ RBM Human Kidney Toxicity Panel 1 and 2 (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA) – according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Determinations were performed using a specialized plate reader (Bio-Plex 200, BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA). Prior to the determination, the instrument was validated and calibrated to ensure reliability and consistency of the results using the commercially available Bio-Plex® Validation Kit 4.0 and Bio-Plex Calibration Kit (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA).
The characteristics of the immunoassay parameters are presented inTable 1 .
The concentrations of all assessed biomarkers are presented in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml).
As dilution of the urine affects the concentrations of urinary biomarkers, we normalized them to the urinary concentration of creatinine [57 (link)]. All biomarker/creatinine (biomarker/Cr) ratios are given in nanograms per milligram of creatinine (ng/mg Cr).
The characteristics of the immunoassay parameters are presented in
The concentrations of all assessed biomarkers are presented in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml).
As dilution of the urine affects the concentrations of urinary biomarkers, we normalized them to the urinary concentration of creatinine [57 (link)]. All biomarker/creatinine (biomarker/Cr) ratios are given in nanograms per milligram of creatinine (ng/mg Cr).