Jsm 6390

To analyze the morphological features of the algicidal process, algal cells were collected and observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Algal cells (1 mL) were first fixed with glutaraldehyde (2.5%) and washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution (50 mM, pH 7.8); cells were then placed on cover slips and air-dried. After that, the slides were subjected to SEM (JSM6390, JEOL Co., Tokyo, Japan) analysis after dehydration. To analyze ultrastructural changes, algal cells were observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM2100HC, JEOL Co., Tokyo, Japan) according to our previous study (Zhang et al., 2013 (link)).
Changes in nucleus structure were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM, Zeiss LSM 780, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Algal cells were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde, then washed and resuspended in PBS. Cells were then stained with 5 μg/mL 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 15 min in the dark. After washing with PBS, algal cells were placed on slides for CLSM observation. DAPI fluorescence was read at 460 nm and represented with blue color on images. Chlorophyll fluorescence was monitored at 680 nm and represented with red color on images.

We first characterized the surface of graphene on both types of samples. This process primarily involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM, using JEOL, JSM-6390) and atomic force microscopy (AFM, using an instrument by Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA, ICON, Dublin, Ireland). Following that, further analysis of surface defects and doping of graphene was conducted using confocal Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM HR, excitation wavelength, 532 nm). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was conducted on the residual pollutants on graphene surface (PHI 5000 VersaProbe II). Finally, electrical measurements were performed on the samples to determine Hall mobility, resistance, and resistance–temperature variations. Hall mobility was measured using a non-contact Hall effect measurement system (Semilab, LEI-3200, Budapest, Hungary), while resistance and resistance–temperature variations were measured using a probe station with a hot plate and a multimeter. It should be noted that the samples used for the Hall mobility measurements were placed on high-resistivity silicon substrates.

The morphology of the nanoporous silver sheet before and after lipid treatment was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-6390, JEOL, USA Inc.). The background spectra of bare nanoporous silver sheet and lipid-coated nanoporous silver sheet were obtained using an in-Via confocal Raman microscope (Renishaw, Gloucestershire, UK) with a 514.5 nm laser at 5 mW focusing by a 20 × microscope objective on the sample. The spectral acquisition time was 30 s. At least three repeated measurements were conducted at different spots of the samples. All spectra were plotted and analyzed after baseline correction by Renishaw WIRE (ver 4.0, UK).