Experiments were conducted at common lab temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. The pH of all the samples which are entering the reactor were adjusted on 3 using 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M H2SO4 [39 (link)]. Then, a specific amount of hydrated iron sulfate was added to the reactor. The sample was then mixed with the chemicals and homogenized with the electrical stirrer. The materials were dissolved in the wastewater under UV radiation for 30 min. Photo-Fenton experiment was initiated by gradual addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [29 (link)]. To prevent excess reactions in the sample, 0.1 mL methanol was added to the reactor, at the end of the experiment [40 ]. Eventually, COD and BOD5 of the outlets were measured by HACH DR/2800 and HACH BOD (HACH, US) instruments, respectively. The procedure was repeated for all trials.
Dr2800
Manufactured by HACH
Sourced in United States, Germany
The DR2800 is a spectrophotometer designed for laboratory analysis. It provides accurate absorbance measurements across a wide range of wavelengths, enabling users to perform various analytical tests and measurements.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Drb 200, by HACH (5 mentions)
Hq40d 53led, by HACH (2 mentions)
Optima 2000 dv, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Gc 8a, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Gc 2014, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Dr 2800 spectrophotometer, by HACH (1 mentions)
Cod digestion vials, by HACH (1 mentions)
Dgi 115 sc, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Nexion 300d, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Ics 5000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hq30d flexi meter, by HACH (1 mentions)
E2695, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
Q column, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Gc 2014 gas chromatograph, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Fiveeasy ph meter, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Lt200, by HACH (1 mentions)
Hs dna, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ua 002 08, by Hobo (1 mentions)
Mn gf 5, by Macherey-Nagel (1 mentions)
Lck 342, by HACH (1 mentions)
46 protocols using dr2800
1
Photo-Fenton Treatment of Wastewater
2
Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Protocol
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All samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics including pH, conductivity (Hach HQ 440d multi, HACH / USA), TOC (total organic carbon) (Skalar TOC analyzer, Skalar / Netherlands), TDS (total dissolved solids) (Shel Lab, Sheldon / USA), TSS (total suspended solids), (Shel Lab, Sheldon / USA) oil and grease (Shel Lab, Sheldon / USA), chloride (argentometric titration) and sulfate (Hach DR. 2800, HACH / USA). Heavy metals were tested following the USEPA 3005A / 6010 C through the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Optima 2000DV, PerkinElmer / USA) technique. Total petroleum hydrocarbons – TPH were measured following USEPA 8015 C, using the Gas Chromatography (GC) Mass Spectrometry Detection (MSD) (Agilent7890A GC, 5975 MSD, Agilent / USA) technique. For BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), the standards of USEPA 5030C/8260 C were followed, and the extraction was performed using Purge & Trap instrument (Teledyne Tekmar, USA) together with GC-MSD. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAH were measured following USEPA 3510C/8270 D standards using the GC-MSD instrument.
3
DPPH Radical Scavenging Antioxidant Activity
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Antioxidant activity was analyzed via the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical sequestration method [41 (link),42 ] using three duplicates of each sample.
Ethanol (Anhydrol, 99.5% purity) was used to dilute the oil samples, oil incorporated with the OL extract, and the OL extract to an initial concentration of 2000 µg·mL−1 each. Samples of the solution (250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μL) were transferred to test tubes containing 2.0 mL of a DPPH methanolic solution (Anhydrol, 99.5% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich, purity ≥ 90%). After incubation for 30 min in the dark, the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer (Hach/DR 2800) at 517 nm. Methanol (Panreac, 99.9% purity) was used as the reference. The DPPH antioxidant activity was calculated using the following Equation (5):
where ADPPH is the absorbance of the DPPH solution, and A and AB are the absorbances of the samples and blank, respectively.
The sample concentration capable of reducing 50% of DPPH (EC50) was calculated from the linear equation of percentage antioxidant activity versus sample concentration (μg mL−1).
Ethanol (Anhydrol, 99.5% purity) was used to dilute the oil samples, oil incorporated with the OL extract, and the OL extract to an initial concentration of 2000 µg·mL−1 each. Samples of the solution (250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μL) were transferred to test tubes containing 2.0 mL of a DPPH methanolic solution (Anhydrol, 99.5% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich, purity ≥ 90%). After incubation for 30 min in the dark, the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer (Hach/DR 2800) at 517 nm. Methanol (Panreac, 99.9% purity) was used as the reference. The DPPH antioxidant activity was calculated using the following Equation (5):
where ADPPH is the absorbance of the DPPH solution, and A and AB are the absorbances of the samples and blank, respectively.
The sample concentration capable of reducing 50% of DPPH (EC50) was calculated from the linear equation of percentage antioxidant activity versus sample concentration (μg mL−1).
4
Quantifying BPA and Caffeine Removal
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The BPA and caffeine solutions were prepared as described in Section 2.4.2 . The collected permeate was measured by using UV-vis spectrometer (DR2800, Hach). The UV-vis absorbance was measured at 276 and 273 nm for BPA and caffeine, respectively. The EDC permeability (Aw,EDC) and rejection (REDC) were calculated using Equations (7) and (8):
where V is the total amounts of the collected permeate (L), A is the cross-sectional area (m2) and t is duration of treatment (h).
where Cp,EDC and Cf,EDC represent concentration of EDC permeate and EDC feed (abs) respectively.
where V is the total amounts of the collected permeate (L), A is the cross-sectional area (m2) and t is duration of treatment (h).
where Cp,EDC and Cf,EDC represent concentration of EDC permeate and EDC feed (abs) respectively.
5
Bacterial Pathogen Xoc Characterization
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Bacterial pathogen Xoc used in this study was provided by the Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The Xoc strain TKSC1 used in this study was previously characterized (Hata et al., 2019 ), and the Gen-Bank accession number for the sequence is MH560793. Xoc culture was inoculated in peptone sucrose agar supplemented with cycloheximide (0.05 g/l), cephalexin (0.04 g/l), and kasugamycin (0.02 g/l). Plates were incubated at 28°C for 3 days. The Xoc colonies were scraped off from the agar surface, and diluted in sterile distilled water. The concentration of the pathogen suspension was adjusted to approximately 107–108 colony forming units (cfu)/ml using a spectrophotometer (Hach DR2800, Loveland, CO, USA) at a wavelength of 660 nm. The highly disease susceptible Malaysian rice cultivar MR219 (Zuki et al., 2020 ) was used throughout this study, the seeds of which were obtained from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI).
6
Biomass Growth Rate Determination
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Biomass concentration correlates with optical density (OD) and was measured by spectrophotometer DR 2800 (Hach Lange, UK) to determine optical density at 660 nm with sampling done hourly. Average growth rate (mg/h) after 6 h was determined using the equation 1 below:
(1)
where C F and C L are the initial and final biomass concentrations (mg/mL) respectively and t, culture time (hours).
(1)
where C F and C L are the initial and final biomass concentrations (mg/mL) respectively and t, culture time (hours).
7
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Nitrogen Species
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Ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentration in the liquid phase was measured by a spectrophotometer (DR2800, Hach, USA). In the case of ammonium, the kit LCK 303 was used for the range of 0-42 mg N-NH 4 ꞏL -1 and the kit LCK 302 for the range 42-162 mg N-NH 4 ꞏL -1 . Nitrover 2 and Nitraver 5 was used for the quantification of nitrite and nitrate, respectively.
8
Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Study
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The performance of the HKUST-1/PMS/Vis system was evaluated in terms of the degradation of both cationic dyes (RhB and MB) and anionic dyes (AO7 and MR). For batch experiments, HKUST-1 and PMS were put into 100 mL of aqueous dye solution (10 mg L−1), then the light source turned on and stirring commenced to start the reaction. The visible light source (400–800 nm) was a tungsten halogen lamp (QVF135/500 W). The stirring speed and temperature were constant at 500 rpm and 24 °C, respectively. During the reaction, 6 mL of the mixture were taken out at regular intervals (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min) and filtered (0.22 μm), with the dye concentrations measured with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (DR2800, HACH). The initial pH of the mixture was adjusted using NaOH (0.1 mol L−1) or HNO3 (0.1 mol L−1), and measured by a pH electrode (9157BNMD, Thermo Scientific, USA).
9
Characterization and Treatment of Wastewater
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The characterization of real wastewater was performed initially, and after the treatment for this purpose, total organic carbon (TOC) measurement was conducted, employing an Analytik Jena multi N/C 3100® coupled to a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector (CACTI, Vigo) (Jena, Germany) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured on a UV-spectrophotometer (DR2800, Hach Lange; Düsseldorf, Germany) with LCK 514 cuvette tests, according to official protocol standards DIN 38409-H41-H44 and ISO 6060-1989.
From these results, the TOC and COD removal percentages were determined according to Equations (8) and (9).
where TOC0 is the initial value before treatment (mg/L) and TOCt is the TOC at the final treatment time (mg/L).
where COD is the initial value before treatment (mg/L) and CODt is the COD at the final treatment time (mg/L).
From these results, the TOC and COD removal percentages were determined according to Equations (8) and (9).
where TOC0 is the initial value before treatment (mg/L) and TOCt is the TOC at the final treatment time (mg/L).
where COD is the initial value before treatment (mg/L) and CODt is the COD at the final treatment time (mg/L).
10
Electrolytic Activation of Saline Solution
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An EAS was generated by dissolving 20 g of KCl, as an electrolyte, in 20 L of distilled water and electrolyzing by diaphragm electrolyze with the following electrochemical conditions: 8V; 0.7A; anode flow rate 8 L/h; cathode flow rate 2 L/h. The electrochemical solution from anode and cathode were mixed together with an anode:cathode ratio of 8:0.5. The mixed solution was diluted with distilled water at 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 strengths.
The pH value and Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of EAS were measured by the HACH SenSion-156 device. The available chlorine concentration (ACC) in EAS was determined by an iodometric method (SMEWW 4500-Cl.B) and a photometric method with HACH DPD reagent (USA) on a measuring equipment DR 2800 (HACH -USA).
The pH value and Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of EAS were measured by the HACH SenSion-156 device. The available chlorine concentration (ACC) in EAS was determined by an iodometric method (SMEWW 4500-Cl.B) and a photometric method with HACH DPD reagent (USA) on a measuring equipment DR 2800 (HACH -USA).
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