Arachidonic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, France, Austria, Brazil, Japan

Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of eicosanoids, a class of bioactive lipid mediators. It is an important component of cell membranes and plays a role in various physiological processes.

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Lab products found in correlation

188 protocols using arachidonic acid

ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation Assessment

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We assessed ADP‐induced platelet aggregation by light transmittance aggregometry (PAP‐8E platelet aggregation profiler, Bio/Data Corporation, Horsham, PA, USA) at baseline and after 7 days of intervention. Citrate‐anticoagulated blood (0.32%) was centrifuged (Rotina 420R, Hettich Lab Technology, Tuttlingen, Germany) for 15 min at 180 g to obtain platelet‐rich plasma. Platelet‐poor plasma was prepared by 10 min centrifugation at 1550 g. Experiments were performed at 37°C under stirring conditions. Thrombin receptor‐activated peptide (TRAP; final concentration 15 μmol l⁻¹, Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland) was used to induce maximum platelet aggregation (100%). ADP and arachidonic acid were used to initiate the platelet aggregation in the test, final concentrations of ADP (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μmol l⁻¹, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); arachidonic acid (2 mmol l⁻¹, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Aggregations were performed with and without the addition of phosphocreatine (CrP 5 mmol l⁻¹ final concentration; Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).

Karamat F.A., Horjus D.L., Haan Y.C., van der Woude L., Schaap M.C., Oudman I., van Montfrans G.A., Nieuwland R., Salomons G.S., Clark J.F, & Brewster L.M. (2017). The acute effect of beta‐guanidinopropionic acid versus creatine or placebo in healthy men (ABC‐Trial): A randomized controlled first‐in‐human trial. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 83(12), 2626-2635.

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Metabolic Effects of Palmitate and Arachidonic Acid in ob/ob Mice

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Palmitate and arachidonic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Nu-chek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN, USA), respectively. Palmitate- and arachidonic acid-bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions were prepared by dissolving Palmitate in ethanol and then mixing it with fatty acid-free BSA (2% wt/vol in water; Sigma-Aldrich) at 37 °C on a shaker for 2 h. We obtained 7-week-old male ob/ob mice and age-matched lean mice (C57BL/6J) from the Animal Center of SLC, Inc. (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan). The mice were housed in individual cages at 22 ± 2 °C with a 12-h light-dark cycle. After overnight fasting, the liver was removed from each mouse and used for western blot analysis. All animal experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC-015-11-2A). The methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines.

Hwang J.Y., Lee H.J., Go M.J., Jang H.B., Choi N.H., Bae J.B., Castillo-Fernandez J.E., Bell J.T., Spector T.D., Lee H.J, & Kim B.J. (2018). Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies ELOVL5 as an epigenetic biomarker for the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scientific Reports, 8, 14862.

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Lipid Membrane Reconstitution Protocol

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The 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoetha-nolamine (DOPE), cardiolipin (CL) from bovine heart, arachidonic acid (AA), Triton X-114 octylpolyoxyethylene, dithiothreitol (DTT), bovine serum albumin (BSA), adenosine and guanosine triphosphate (ATP and GTP), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH₄)₂HPO₄), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (Tris), ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), hexane, hexadecane and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). Chloroform was from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).

Škulj S., Brkljača Z., Kreiter J., Pohl E.E, & Vazdar M. (2021). Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein 2. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1214.

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Lipid Standards for Analytical Chemistry

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Lipid standards including phosphatidylcholine (PC) 16:0/18:1 (9Z), PC 18:1 (9Z)/16:0, PC 18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z), PC 18:1 (6Z)/18:1 (6Z), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) 18:1 (9Z), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 18:0/18:1 (9Z), phosphatidic acid (PA) 16:0/18:1 (9Z), phosphatidylserine (PS) 16:0/18:1 (9Z) and ceramide (Cer) d18:1/16:0 were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (AL, USA). Fatty acids including FA 18:1 (9Z), FA 18:1 (9E), FA 18:1 (6Z), FA 18:1 (11Z), FA 20:1 (11Z), FA 20:1 (11E), FA 18:2 (9Z, 12Z) and arachidonic acid FA 18:4 (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z), and triacylglycerol (TG) 18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z)/18:1 (9Z) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Other solvents were purchased from Innochem (Beijing, China) and meet or exceed the analytical grade standard. The structures of all pure lipids are shown in Fig. S1 and S2.† Anthraquinone was purchased from Rhawn (Shanghai, China).

Feng G., Hao Y., Wu L, & Chen S. (2020). A visible-light activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction enables pinpointing carbon–carbon double bonds in lipids. Chemical Science, 11(27), 7244-7251.

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Reconstitution of Mitochondrial Complexes

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KCl, Na₂SO₄, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), EGTA, hexane, hexadecane, cytochrome c (Cyt c), decylubiquinone, KCN, sucrose, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), arachidonic acid (AA), genipin, geniposide, adenine triphosphate (ATP), ammonium phosphate (monobasic, NH₄H₂PO₄), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sulfo-NHS-acetate (NHS), methyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonate (MNBS), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and diammonium salt of malic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). EDTA, KH₂PO₄, NaN₃, and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), and cardiolipin (CL) came from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Chloroform was obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).

Kreiter J., Rupprecht A., Zimmermann L., Moschinger M., Rokitskaya T.I., Antonenko Y.N., Gille L., Fedorova M, & Pohl E.E. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Pharmacological Effects of Genipin on Mitochondrial Proteins. Biophysical Journal, 117(10), 1845-1857.

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Platelet aggregation and secretion assay

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Platelet-rich plasma was preincubated with the COX inhibitor aspirin (30 μM;
Sigma-Aldrich), the cPLA₂ inhibitor pyrrophenone (40 μM; Cayman
Chemical, Cambridge Bioscience), or vehicle for 30 min at 37°C. Aggregation
and ATP secretion responses to collagen (0.3–3 μg/ml), ADP (5
μM; Chrono-log; Labmedics, Abingdon, United Kingdom), U46619 (10 μM;
Enzo Life Sciences, Exeter, United Kingdom), or arachidonic acid (1 mM;
Sigma-Aldrich) were measured using a Chrono-log 560CA Lumi-Aggregometer (Chrono-log
Corp., Havertown, PA, USA).

Kirkby N.S., Reed D.M., Edin M.L., Rauzi F., Mataragka S., Vojnovic I., Bishop-Bailey D., Milne G.L., Longhurst H., Zeldin D.C., Mitchell J.A, & Warner T.D. (2016). Inherited human group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 deficiency abolishes platelet, endothelial, and leucocyte eicosanoid generation. The FASEB Journal, 29(11), 4568-4578.

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Fatty Acids and Cell Viability Assay

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α-Linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and 5-FU were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The human gastric cell lines MGC and SGC were kindly provided by Prof. P. Wensheng (Zhejiang University, China). RPMI medium 1640 was obtained from GIBCO (Grand Island, NY, USA). All other chemicals were of extra-pure grade or analytical grade.

Yu H., Liu Y., Pan W., Shen S, & Das U.N. (2015). Polyunsaturated fatty acids augment tumoricidal action of 5-fluorouracil on gastric cancer cells by their action on vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α and lipid metabolism related factors. Archives of Medical Science : AMS, 11(2), 282-291.

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Optimized Cell Culture Media Formulations

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Tryptic soy broth (TSB), Luria broth (LB), D-glucose, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s PBS (DPBS), Keratinocyte-SFM medium, DMEM (high glucose, GlutaMAX™ Supplement, pyruvate), and Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mix were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). DermaLife K Keratinocyte Complete Medium with LifeFactors was obtained from Lifeline Cell Technology (Oceanside, CA). CnT-Prime 3D Barrier Medium was purchased from CELLnTEC Advanced Cell Systems AG (Zurich, Switzerland). Gentamicin, lysostaphin trimethoprim, sucrose, glycerol, mupirocin, neutral-buffered formalin solution (10%), and various supplements for skin culture media including hydrocortisone, isoproterenol, bovine insulin, selenious acid, L-serine, L-carnitine, bovine serum albumin (BSA), palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI).

Wu B.(., Haney E.F., Akhoundsadegh N., Pletzer D., Trimble M.J., Adriaans A.E., Nibbering P.H, & Hancock R.E. (2021). Human organoid biofilm model for assessing antibiofilm activity of novel agents. NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes, 7, 8.

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Mung Bean Lipoxygenase Purification

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The mung bean seeds were obtained from Sri Venkateswara Agricultural University, Tirupati. Soybean LOX, ETYA, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Arachidonic acid, Sephadex G-100, DE-52, Poly Buffer Exchangers 94 (PBE-94), Phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), EDTA, Acrylamide, Bis-Acrylamide, Coomassie brilliant blue, Lauryl sulphate (SDS) and protein size markers were procured from Sigma Chemicals Co (St. Louis, MO, USA). NDGA was a generous gift from department of chemistry, S.V. University. All other chemicals were reagent grade procured from Merck, Mumbai, India.

Aanangi R., Kotapati K.V., Palaka B.K., Kedam T., Kanika N.D, & Ampasala D.R. (2016). Purification and characterization of lipoxygenase from mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) germinating seedlings. 3 Biotech, 6(1), 113.

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Fura-5F-AM Calcium Signaling Assay

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Arachidonic acid, Cs-methanesulfonate and Na-methanesulfonate were purchased from Sigma. Fura-5F-AM was purchased from Setareh Biotech, LLC. 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) was purchased from Calbiochem. Cs-BAPTA was purchased from Invitrogen. GdCl₃ was from Acros Organics. All dicer-substrate siRNAs (dsiRNAs) were purchased from IDT. The transfection kit (VCA-1003) for HEK293 cells was from Lonza. All other chemicals were from Fisher.

Desai P.N., Zhang X., Wu S., Janoshazi A., Bolimuntha S., Putney J.W, & Trebak M. (2015). Multiple Types of Calcium Channels Arising from Alternative Translation Initiation of the Orai1 Message. Science signaling, 8(387), ra74.

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