Miconazole

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom

Miconazole is a topical antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections. It is a broad-spectrum agent that is effective against a variety of fungal species. Miconazole works by disrupting the fungal cell membrane, leading to the leakage of cellular contents and ultimately cell death.

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Spelling variants of this product

Miconazole nitrate (8 citations) (±)-miconazole nitrate salt (4 citations) Miconazole (Mcz), (2 citations)

57 protocols using miconazole

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils

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The agar disc diffusion method described by Adukwu et al. (2016 (link)) was used for determination of the antifungal properties of CEOs. Miconazole (Sigma, USA) with the concentration at 10 μg/mL dissolved in DMSO (Sigma) was used as the reference antifungal drug. Briefly, 100 μL of yeast suspension was spread onto SDA plates and then paper discs (6 mm, Sigma) impregnated with 10 μL of essential oils or dissolved Miconazole were placed over the agar surface, and plates were incubated at 30 °C for 48 h. Plates with discs in the absence of any treatment were used as reference controls. The diameter of the resulting inhibition zone in the fungal lawn was measured in millimetres.

Tran H.N., Graham L, & Adukwu E.C. (2020). In vitro antifungal activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and leaf essential oils against Candida albicans and Candida auris. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(20), 8911-8924.

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Preparation of Antifungal Drug Solutions

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The majority of the drugs used required individual methods of preparation to ensure that a known concentration was in solution. Econazole (Sigma, UK) was dissolved at 112.43 mM in 1:1 chloroform:methanol solution. This was then diluted in PG media at 1 in 200 to give a stock solution of 562 µM. The preparation of miconazole and sulconazole (all from Sigma, UK) was identical. Drugs were dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, UK), to give a concentration of 208.70 mM for miconazole and 217 mM for sulconazole. These solutions were diluted in PG media to give concentrations of 3.339 mM and 3.472 mM, respectively. Residual drug was solubilised by adjusting the pH with HCl and the final concentration adjusted to 104 µM and 109 µM. Tioconazole (Sigma, UK) was dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, UK) at 500 mM and diluted in PG media to give 16 mM. Residual drug was solubilised by addition of HCL before diluting in PG to give a final concentration of 250 µM. Voriconazole was dissolved in DMSO at 28.63 mM and diluted in PG media to 143 µM. The final formulation of each drug was adjusted where necessary to pH 7.0.

Thomson S., Rice C.A., Zhang T., Edrada-Ebel R., Henriquez F.L, & Roberts C.W. (2017). Characterisation of sterol biosynthesis and validation of 14α-demethylase as a drug target in Acanthamoeba. Scientific Reports, 7, 8247.

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Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia spp.

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Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using a broth microdilution method as described by Leong et al. (10 (link)). Briefly, 200× drug stock dilutions were prepared at a 2× concentration in fresh OptiMAL medium. Amphotericin B, terbinafine, clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, and ketoconazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Singapore. Stock and drug plate dilutions were prepared in accordance with CLSI and EUCAST guidelines. Yeast inocula were obtained from 4- to 7-day-old strains of Malassezia spp. A 50-μl yeast inoculum was added to 50 μl of 2× concentrated antifungals to achieve a final cell density of 5 × 10³ to 5 × 10⁴ CFU/ml. A 10-μl portion of 2× yeast inoculum that had been diluted 10 times was also plated onto a modified Leeming-Notman agar plate and incubated for 4 to 7 days at 35°C for postverification of the CFU inoculum (10 to 100 colonies per 10 μl). Each assay was performed in triplicate plates for a single culture at every individual time point or reading.

Leong C., Chan J.W., Lee S.M., Lam Y.I., Goh J.P., Ianiri G, & Dawson TL J.r. (2021). Azole Resistance Mechanisms in Pathogenic Malassezia furfur. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 65(5), e01975-20.

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Antifungal Compounds Evaluation

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Posaconazole (Selleck Chemicals Co. Ltd. Houston, TX, USA), ketoconazole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), fluconazole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), econazole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), miconazole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), itroconazole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), clotrimizole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), voriconazole (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), amphotericin B (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), caspofungin (Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, USA), terbinifine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), and micafungin (Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, USA) were obtained commercially.

Chen C., Chen X., Ren B., Guo H., Abdel-Mageed W.M., Liu X., Song F, & Zhang L. (2021). Characterization of Streptomyces sp. LS462 with high productivity of echinomycin, a potent antituberculosis and synergistic antifungal antibiotic. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 48(9-10), kuab079.

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Cultivation and Compound Preparation for Candida

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Candida albicans strain SC5314 (Fonzi and Irwin, 1993 (link)) and C. glabrata strain BG2 (Kaur et al., 2007 (link)) were grown at 30°C on YPD [1% yeast extract, 2% bacteriological peptone (LabM, UK) and 2% glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)] agar plates. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (VWR International, Belgium) was used as a solvent to prepare stock solutions of miconazole (MCZ; Sigma-Aldrich), fluorescently labeled imidazole derivative (Benhamou et al., 2017 (link)), tetraethylammonium bromide (TCI Europe, Belgium), itraconazole (TCI Europe) and domiphen bromide (DB; Chemische Fabrik Berg GmbH). RPMI 1640 medium (pH 7.0) with L-glutamine and without sodium bicarbonate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and buffered with MOPS (Sigma-Aldrich). An ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) stock was made in Milli-Q water.

Tits J., Berman J., Cammue B.P, & Thevissen K. (2021). Combining Miconazole and Domiphen Bromide Results in Excess of Reactive Oxygen Species and Killing of Biofilm Cells. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8, 617214.

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Antibiotic and Drug Stock Preparation

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Antibiotics, including doxycycline, cefuroxime, miconazole, metronidazole, rifampin, and fluconazole, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were dissolved in appropriate solvents [18 ] to form stock solutions. All the antibiotic stocks were filter-sterilized by a 0.2 μm filter except the DMSO stocks. Then the stocks were diluted into 500 μM and stored at −20 °C. The JHCCL FDA-approved drug library was prepared in 10 mM stock solutions with DMSO. Drugs in the master plates were diluted with PBS to make 500 μM pre-diluted working plates. The pre-diluted drug plates were sealed and stored at −20 °C.

Li T., Feng J., Xiao S., Shi W., Sullivan D, & Zhang Y. (2019). Identification of FDA-Approved Drugs with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae. Antibiotics, 8(2), 50.

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Antimicrobial Solution Preparation Protocols

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All antimicrobial solutions were prepared freshly immediately before use. DETA/NO belongs to the family of diazeniumdiolates that consists of a complex of NO bound to a polyamine parent compound that spontaneously decompose in a pH-dependent, first-order process [22 (link)]. Stock solutions of DETA/NO (DETA/NONOate, Alexis Biochemicals, Lausen, Schweiz) were prepared in PBS (Invitrogen; Grand Island N.Y., USA), cefotaxime and polymyxin B nonapeptid (PMBN; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) were prepared in sterile water. Nitrofurantoin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) was prepared in DMSO (Merck, Hohenbrunn, Germany) and miconazole (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) was dissolved in 25% ethanol (70%) and 75% polyetylenglykol 400 while heating for 1 h at 60°C.

Bang C.S., Kinnunen A., Karlsson M., Önnberg A., Söderquist B, & Persson K. (2014). The antibacterial effect of nitric oxide against ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli is improved by combination with miconazole and polymyxin B nonapeptide. BMC Microbiology, 14, 65.

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Metabolomics of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

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All the endogenous metabolites used in this study were from Sigma-Aldrich. Benztropine, miconazole and triiodothyronine (T3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). All the chemicals used in this study have a purity ≥ 95%.
Rat primary optic nerve OPCs were isolated by panning (>99% A2B5⁺) and cultured in poly-d-lysine (10 µg/ml)-coated TC dishes in OPC culture media (Neurobasal Media, Invitrogen) supplemented with B27 without vitamin A (Invitrogen), 1× nonessential amino acids, 1× Glutamax, 1× anti-anti, β-mercaptoethanol and PDGFαα (50 ng/ml; Peprotech) at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. The culture medium was replaced every 48 h, and cells were collected before the confluency reached 60% to maintain a naive state. For differentiation, OPCs were plated at 1 million cells in one 10-cm Petri dish filled with differentiation media, which is identical to the culture media but with PDGF-AA at 2 ng/ml. T3 and DMSO were used as the positive control and negative control, respectively. Five replicates of cells were collected at different times (0, 3 and 6 d) for metabolomics studies.

Beyer B.A., Fang M., Sadrian B., Montenegro-Burke J.R., Plaisted W.C., Kok B.P., Saez E., Kondo T., Siuzdak G, & Lairson L.L. (2017). Metabolomics-based discovery of a metabolite that enhances oligodendrocyte maturation. Nature chemical biology, 14(1), 22-28.

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Antifungal Activity of Novel Compounds

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Antifungal activity of NPBD, amphotericin B and miconazole were determined for species listed in Table 1 using MIC and MFC broth microdilution methods, modified for filamentous fungi by use of hyphal inocula for filamentous species so that agent activity was assayed on vegetative forms [58 ,59 ]. Log₂ dilution sets of NPBD, amphotericin B (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and miconazole (Sigma Aldrich) were prepared in RPMI-1640 (Sigma Aldrich) at 2× final concentrations, 0.03–128 mg/L for NPBD and MCZ and 0.03–16 mg/L for AMB. For filamentous species hyphal suspensions from overnight cultures were filtered through gauze, vortexed to fragment hyphae and standardised by haemocytometer and colony count. Final inoculum density was 5 × 10³–1 × 10⁴ cfu/mL, MIC for dermatophytes were read at 7 d. MIC titres from ≥4 independent assays are reported as geomean ± SD and group titres as Mean ± SEM.

Nicoletti G, & White K. (2022). The Anti-Fungal Activity of Nitropropenyl Benzodioxole (NPBD), a Redox-Thiol Oxidant and Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor. Antibiotics, 11(9), 1188.

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Antifungal and Antihyperlipidemic Compounds

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Unless otherwise specified, all the strains were grown in yeast peptone dextrose (YPD, 2% dextrose, 2% peptone, 1% yeast extract) at 30°C. Synthetic complete (SC) medium (2% dextrose, 0.67% yeast nitrogen base, and amino acid mixture) was supplemented with histidine, leucine, or arginine. Fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, lovastatin, terbinafine were purchased from Sigma. DMSO, ether, and cyclohexane were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, Co., Ltd.

Lv Q.Z., Qin Y.L., Yan L., Wang L., Zhang C, & Jiang Y.Y. (2018). NSG2 (ORF19.273) Encoding Protein Controls Sensitivity of Candida albicans to Azoles through Regulating the Synthesis of C14-Methylated Sterols. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 218.

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