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4 protocols using amplex ultrared

1

Glycerol Release from Adipose Tissue

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100 mg of epididymal white adipose tissue samples were removed. Samples were cut into 20 mg sections to evaluate the glycerol diffusion from tissue to the medium better; 100 mg of tissue were incubated at 37 °C in 500 μL of Krebs Ringer buffer (KRB; 12 mM HEPES, 121 mM NaCl, 4.9 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 0.33 mM CaCl2) containing 2% FA-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.1% glucose in the presence or absence of 10 μM isoproterenol (Sigma). Tissue was incubated for 1 h at 37 °C in a shaking bath and then gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. At the end of the incubation period, an aliquot of the medium was used for the analysis of glycerol. A commercially available absorbance-based enzyme assay for glycerol (Free Glycerol Reagent; Sigma) was converted to fluorescence-based detection by the inclusion of the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive dye Amplex UltraRed, as reported by Clark et al. [28 (link)].
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2

In Vivo Penile Oxidative Stress Measurement

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In vivo hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide were measured in the penis via microdialysis on anesthetized rats [32 (link),33 (link)]. The penis was freed of skin and fascia, and a linear microdialysis probe (Bioanalytical Systems, Inc., West Lafayette, IN) with a 20 kDa maximal pore size was inserted into the shaft of the penis. Microdialysis probes were perfused with saline containing 100 μM Amplex Ultrared (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and 1.0 U/ml horseradish peroxidase (HRP; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at 1.0 μl/min with a microdialysis pump (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA). Amplex Ultrared is a fluorogenic substrate, which in the presence of HRP reacts with H2O2 to produce the highly fluorescent resorufin [34 (link),35 (link)]. Three 15-minute replicate samples were collected, and fluorescence of the dialysate was measured in a fluorometer (BioRad, Hercules, CA) at 510 nm Ex/590 nm Em. 10 U/ml superoxide dismutase (SOD; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was then added to the perfusate, allowing for conversion of superoxide that crosses over the microdialysis membrane into H2O2, which then stimulates the conversion of Amplex Ultrared to resorufin by HRP [36 (link)]. Three 15-minute replicate samples were collected, from which fluorescence was measured. Following measurements, penile tissue was harvested, and stored at −80°C until analysis.
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Oxidative Phosphorylation Respiratory Control

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SUIT protocol was used for the analysis of oxidative phosphorylation, to study respiratory control in a sequence of coupling and pathway control states induced by multiple titrations. After equilibration of the cells into the chamber the substrates, inhibitors, or uncoupler were added according to the following protocol: rotenone (f.c. 0.5 μM) to inhibit complex I, succinate (f.c., 10 mM) to stimulate complex II, ADP (f.c. 1mM) to measure the total respiratory capacity, Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone CCCP (f.c. 0.05 μM) to determine the state of coupling of complex III, IV, V, antimycin A (f.c. 2.5 μM) to inhibit complex III (Sigma Aldrich). Hydrogen Peroxidase (H2O2) flux was assessed simultaneously using the H2O2-sensitive probe Amplex UltraRed, by the addition of Amplex Red (f.c. 10 μM) and Horseradish-Peroxidase (HRP) (f.c. 1U/ml) (Sigma Aldrich) following the variation of the resorufin concentration while performing the SUIT assay protocol. Additions by gas-tight syringe into the sealed Oxygraph chambers. Respirometric data analysis was carried out with DatLab 7 software provided by Oroboros.
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4

Extracellular H2O2 Generation in Osteoclasts

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The generation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by WT and GILT−/− osteoclasts was assessed using the redox-sensitive reagent Amplex UltraRed (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Nonadherent osteoclast precursor cells were plated at high density (2.5 × 105 cells per well; 96-well plate) and differentiated into osteoclasts using M-CSF (15 ng/ml) and RANKL (100 ng/ml) for 6 days, as described above. The following day, 150 μl of osteoclast supernatant (or media-only control) was transferred to a fresh 96-well plate and incubated with 10 μM Amplex UltraRed reagent and HRP (2 U/ml) (Sigma-Aldrich) in the dark for 30 min at room temperature. The absolute fluorescence intensity of the resulting oxidized product (resorufin) was measured using an EnVision Multilabel Plate Reader (PerkinElmer).
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