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7 protocols using azobisisobutyronitrile

1

Monomer Synthesis and Polymerization for Biomaterial Development

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St (99.0%), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (98.0%) and PBS buffer solution (×10) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industry Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Super dehydrated toluene (99.5%), divinylbenzene (DVB) (50.0%), 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) (95.0%), Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (93.0%), Acetonitrile (99.0%) and isobutylphenyl propionic acid (Ibuprofen,> 98.0%) were all purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (TCI). d-limonene (90.0%), tetrahydrofuran (98.0%), dimethyl sulfoxide (99.0%) and bromocresol purple were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. Kyoto Japan. Rhodamine B was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., St.Louis, MO, USA. Vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride (VBAC) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Kyoto, Japan. All chemicals were used as supplied without further purification, except where noted otherwise.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfobetaine-Based Polymers

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Sulfobetaine (SPB) monomer was donated by Osaka Organic Chemical (Osaka, Japan) and used without further purification. 2-(Dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid, Thioflavin T (ThT), Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and lysozyme from chicken egg white were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan) and was recrystallized from methanol before use. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, BuMA and 4,4′-azobis-(4-cyanovaleric acid) (V-501, initiator) were purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). Prior to its use, the inhibitor from BuMA was removed by passing through an inhibitor removal prepacked column (Sigma-Aldrich).
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3

Synthesis and Evaluation of Epoxy Resin Composition

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Example 3

Main raw materials used in the synthesis test of Test Example 3 are as follows.

[Main Raw Materials]1,3-Diallyl-2-imidazolidinone (synthesized in accordance with the method described in WO2002/036662. See chemical formula (4-1))

1,3-Diallyl-2-benzimidazolone (synthesized in accordance with the method described in J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 80, pp. 1657-1662 (1958). See chemical formula (5-1))

Thioacetic acid (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., see chemical formula (13))

Azobisisobutyronitrile (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.)

An epoxy resin composition was prepared by mixing 128.1 parts by weight of the thiol compound synthesized in Example 3-1 as a curing agent, 10.4 parts by weight of dimethylbenzylamine as a curing accelerator and 174.0 parts by weight of jER152 as an epoxy compound. The amount of the curing accelerator used was adjusted such that gelation time (80° C.) of the epoxy resin composition is 2 minutes±20 seconds.

The epoxy resin composition was subjected to evaluation tests (measurement of storage modulus of cured product, and measurement of adhesive strength thereof when used as adhesive). Test results obtained are shown in Table 3.

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4

Synthesis of Copolymeric Hydrogels

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N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm), Styrene (St), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries and used after distillation. N-isopropylacrylamide and azobis(isobutyronitrile) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries and used after recrystallization. Ammonium persulfate (APS), N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAAm), N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethlenediamine (TEMED) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan) and used as purchased without further purification.
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5

Sulfobetaine Monomer Synthesis and Characterization

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Osaka Organic Chemical
(Osaka, Japan) donated sulfobetaine monomer that was used without
further purification. Insulin from bovine pancreas, lysozyme from
chicken egg white, M. lysodeikticus, and 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (R1)
were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Japan). Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)
was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). 3-((((1-Carboxyethyl)thio)carbonothioyl)thio)propanoic
acid (R2) was purchased from Boron Molecular (North Carolina).
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6

Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Hydrogel Synthesis

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The silica gel [spherical (particles of size 63–210 μm), neutral] (Kanto, Tokyo, Japan), silylation reagents [(3-isocyanatopropyl)trimethoxysilane (purity, >97%; IPTMS) and PhTMS (>98%)], polyethers [PEG with molecular weight (Mw) = 2000 and PTMO with Mw = 2000], and the catalyst [dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTD), extra pure grade (TCI, Tokyo, Japan)] were used as received. The vinyl monomer NIPAM and cross-linker BIS (Wako, Osaka, Japan) were purified by recrystallization before use. The IPN gel was synthesized in THF solvent with a radical initiator, azobisisobutyronitrile (>98%, AIBN) (Wako) and was chemically stimulated by various metal salts [purities >99%; (CH3CO2)K, >97%; CuCl2, >95% (practical grade)] and a 0.1 M aqueous solution of AgNO3 (f = 1.000, Wako).
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7

Synthesis of Binder Polymer CP-3

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Example 3

5.80 g of N,N′-dimethylformamide (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was weighed in a three-neck flask provided with a condenser and a stirrer, and the solution was stirred at 65° C. for 30 minutes while flowing nitrogen. Next, 7.21 g of 4-methacrylamidebenzenesulfonamide (manufactured by FUJIFILM Finechemicals Co., Ltd.), 3.00 g of methyl methacrylate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), 2.12 g of acrylonitrile (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), 23.0 g of N,N′-dimethylformamide (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and 0.324 g of azobisisobutyronitrile (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were weighed using a dropping funnel, dissolved, and added dropwise to the flask for 2 hours. Further, the resulting solution was stirred at 65° C. for 3 hours. The reaction solution was added dropwise to a mixed solution of 0.5 L of pure water and 0.5 L of methanol to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, washed, and dried, thereby obtaining 11.2 g of a binder polymer (CP-3) having a weight-average molecular weight of 53000. It was confirmed whether the polymer was a target object using an NMR spectrum, an IR spectrum, and GPC (polystyrene conversion).

[Figure (not displayed)]

Further, the numerical values at the lower right of parentheses in CP-1 to CP-3 are molar ratios.

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