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16 protocols using nh4scn

1

Oleic Acid-Capped Quantum Dot Synthesis

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Five milligrams of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN, 99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 1 ml of acetone, and the solution was added into 1 ml of oleic acid–capped QDs solution in hexane. After stirring for 3 to 4 hours, the upper colorless hexane part was carefully removed, and the solution was mixed with 1 ml of tetrahydrofuran (Sigma-Aldrich) and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 2 min. The upper solution was discarded and the bottom part was redispersed in 1 ml of toluene and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 2 min. The upper solution was discarded and the bottom part was dispersed in DMSO/EA mixture solution.
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2

Quantifying Antibody Avidity to CSP Peptide

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ELISA plates were coated with of 100μl per well of purified CSP peptide [21 (link)] diluted in PBS at a concentration 1μg/ml. After incubation overnight at RT, plates were washed three times with 200μl of PBS, before being blocked with 200μl PBS-BSA for 2hrs at RT. Following three washes with 200μl PBS, plasma samples were plated in quadruplicate at a 1:200 dilution in PBS-BSA and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plates were washed two times with 200μl PBS-Tween followed by two washes with PBS. To measure antibody avidity, 2M ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN; Sigma) or PBS was added to the plates for exactly 15 minutes. The plates were washed two times with PBS-Tween followed by two times with PBS and peroxidase- labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibody was added at a concentration of 500ng/ml and incubated for 1 hour at RT. Plates were washed three times with PBS-Tween followed by three times with PBS and 100μl of horseradish peroxidase substrate was added to each well and developed in the dark for 15minutes. The reaction was stopped using 50μl of 1% SDS and the plates were read at 405nm. The antibody avidity index was determined by dividing the NH4SCN treated optical density values by the corresponding PBS (untreated) values for each sample in duplicate.
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3

Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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Methyl-ammonium iodide (MAI), phenylethyl-ammonium iodide (PEAI) and 4-Fluoro-phenylethyl-ammonium iodide (FPEAI) were offered from Greatcell Solar Materials Pty Ltd. (NH4SCN) was offered from Sigma-Aldrich. Bahocuproine (BCP) was ordered from J&K, PbI2 was offered from TCI. Chlorobenzene (CB) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N, N-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were offered from Alfa Aesar. Silver was purchased from 3AChem. (6,6)-Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) was offered from Lumtec. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly-(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) aqueous solution (Al 4083), Bphen were offered from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corporation.
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4

Heavy Metal Ion Quantification

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The Zn (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) solutions were obtained from certified standard solutions at 1000 mg/L (Fluka Trace Select). Three different stocks solutions of Zn, Pb and Cd were prepared from cascade dilutions in order to obtain final concentrations of 10−4 M, 10−5 M and 10−6 M.
The ionic strength was set using a solution of 1 M NaNO3 prepared from solid powder (Sigma-Aldrich, supra-pur, Saint Louis, MO, USA). The pH was adjusted with 1 M NaOH standard (Merck titripur®, Darmstadt, Germany) or 1 M HNO3 diluted from a 65% (Merck suprapur) solution.
For the working electrode pretreatment, a cleaning solution with 0.2 M H2SO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, p.a, Saint Louis, MO, USA). A second cleaning step in a solution containing 1 M NH4CH3COO from the salt (Sigma Aldrich p.a) diluted in 0.5 M HCl (Merck, p.a, Darmstadt, Germany) was also carried out. To prepare the solution for the redissolution of the mercury film, 0.1 M NH4SCN from the salt (Sigma Aldrich, p.a) was used. Ultrapure milli-Q water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm, Elga, labwater, High Wycombe, UK) was employed in all the experiments. Nitrogen (>99.999% pure) for the solution purging was purchased from Air liquid, France.
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5

Relative Antibody Affinity Determination

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High-binding Immulon HBX 4x plates (Thermo Scientific) were coated with recombinant P. c. chabaudi AS MSP-142 protein or whole parasite lysate. Serially diluted serum was applied, followed by incubation with HRP-conjugated IgM, IgG, IgG2c, IgG2b, or IgG3 Ab (SouthernBiotech) to facilitate detection with SureBlue substrate (KPL). Wells were read at 450 nm on a FLUOstar Omega plate reader (BMG Labtech). For determination of relative Ab affinity, an ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) (Sigma) incubation step (15 mins at room temperature, diluted in PBS) was performed following serum incubation, as previously reported (48 (link), 49 (link)). Following NH4SCN incubation, the standard ELISA protocol described above was completed. For data interpretation, NH4SCN treated absorbance values for each replicate were normalized to corresponding untreated wells.
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6

Thiophene-2-Boronic Acid Bromination

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N-Bromosuccinimide
(NBS,
99%), thiophene-2-boronic acid pinacol ester (98%), Pd(PPh3)4 (99%), K2CO3 (99%), NH4SCN (97%), bromodimethylsulfonium bromide (95%), tributylphosphine
(97%), acetonitrile (99%), butyl acetate (99%), N,N-dimethylformamide (99%), and benzene-d6 (100%, 99.6 atom % D) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich.
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7

Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol

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All chemicals at an analytical purity were used without further purification. CA; 4-HCA; 3,4-dHCA; 3,4,5-tHCA; KBr; DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl); TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine); FeCl3; FeSO4∙7H2O; ammonium acetate; neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline); CuCl2∙2H2O; Trolox; linoleic acid; FeCl2∙4H2O; NH4SCN; Tween® 20; H2O2; salicylic acid; phosphate buffer (pH = 7); and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hydrochloric acid (35%), methanol, and ethanol (analytical grade) were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland).
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8

Avidity Analysis of Anti-PT IgG

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Avidity analysis of anti-PT IgG was performed as previously described using anti-PT IgG ELISA (EUROIMMUN) with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) (SIGMA–ALDRICH, St. Louis, MO) as a bond-breaking agent (21 (link), 24 (link)). A range of ammonium thiocyanate concentrations was used [0.25 molar (M), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 M]. All standards, controls and study samples were analyzed in duplicate with the average of the two samples taken as the final value.
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9

Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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All reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received. FAI, phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), SnI2, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), SnF2, and NH4SCN were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). PCBM (99%) was bought from Nano-C. PCBH was prepared according to a reported methodology [32 (link)]. After compounds were synthesized, they were purified by silica gel column chromatography to ensure the purity required for the device fabrication. The final products were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and APCI-MS.
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10

Membrane Lipid Composition Analysis

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The solvents and chemicals were of analytical grade, and were used without any further purification. 2-Oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., Alabaster, AL, USA), INC. 2-Oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine sodium salt (POPS), Cholesterol, Chloroform, FeCl3 and NH4SCN (used to prepare the ammonium ferrothiocyanate solution for the Stewart Assay) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck Life Science S.r.l., Milano, Italy).
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