Densitometry was undertaken using ImageJ. The total intensity in each lane was obtained and the relative intensity of each band as a percentage of the total lane intensity was calculated.
For analysing DNA scaffolds containing 0 and 20 base mismatches using AFM, 50 μl of DNA (8–10 ng in total) in 10 mM Tris-EDTA pH 8 buffer was allowed to adsorb on a freshly cleaved mica surface, pre-treated with 10 mM NiCl2 for 20 minutes in a high humidity chamber. A further 100 μl of 10 mM Tris-EDTA pH 8 buffer was afterwards added. The resulting sample was imaged with a Dimension FastScan Bio AFM (Bruker, USA) in peak force tapping mode, in liquid, with a Fastscan-D cantilever (Bruker, USA) at an amplitude set point of 250 mV and 57.68 mV drive amplitude. All the captured AFM images were analysed with the Nanoscope Analysis software from Bruker.