Acetone c3h6o

Titanium n-butoxide (C₁₆H₃₆O₄Ti), isopropanol (C₃H₈O), ethanol (EtOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetone (C₃H₆O) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China. Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, lithium triflate (LiCF₃SO₃) and sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na₂PdCl₄) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent. Carbon textiles were purchased from Torray.

Sodium alginate (99.9%, SA) was purchased from Shanghai Aibi Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Copper sulfate anhydrous (CuSO₄, 99%) was purchased from Tianjin Regent Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Acetone (C₃H₆O, 99.9%), benzoic acid (C₇H₆O₂, 99.5%), zirconium(IV) oxychloride octahydrate (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O, 99%), and N, N-dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO, 98%, DMF) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Additionally, tetracids(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (97%, H₄TCPP) was purchased from Shanghai bidepharmatech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Meanwhile, deionized water was used as the only water source in the whole experiment. All other chemical reagents were purchased commercially and used directly without further purification.

Urea, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP-K30), Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, sodium acetate (C₂H₃NaO₂), NaOH, KHCO₃, isopropanol (C₃H₈O) and acetone (C₃H₆O) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ethanol (99.7%), Nafion-117 solution (~5%) and CuO SPs (40 nm, 99.5%) were purchased from Macklin. Carbon paper (GDS180S) was purchased from Ce Tech. Each chemical was used directly as received, and UP water (>18.2 × 10⁶ Ω·cm) was employed to dispense the whole aqueous solution.