The prepared polymer (PVA and/or gum) solutions were characterized to evaluate the effects of the polymer solution properties on the resultant nanoparticles. The conductivity of each solution was measured using a conductivity meter (model ECtestr11 + , Eutech Instruments Pte Ltd., Singapore), and the viscosity was evaluated using a viscometer (model DV-III Ultra, Brookfield, USA). The surface tension was measured with a surface tensiometer (k20s Easydyne, Krüss, Germany). All experiments were performed in triplicate.
Ectestr11
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Singapore, United States, Switzerland
The ECtestr11+ is a compact, handheld conductivity meter designed for general laboratory and field applications. It provides accurate measurements of conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature. The device features automatic temperature compensation and a large, easy-to-read LCD display.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
4 protocols using ectestr11
1
Characterization of Polymer Solutions
2
Ion Leakage Measurement in Leaf Samples
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Leaf samples from treated and untreated seedlings were cut in to uniform pieces and placed in a beaker containing 10 mL of distilled water and incubated for 4 h in a shaking incubator (Gyromax 787R, Amerex Instruments; Lafeyette, CA, United States) at room temperature. After 4 h, ion leakage (E1) was measured using conductivity meter (ECTestr 11+, Eutech Instruments, Oakton, United States). The samples were then autoclaved for 15 min and after cooling and total ion leakage (E2) was measured. EC was calculated (Jambunathan, 2010 (link)) as: EC = E1/E2 * 100.
3
Dielectrophoretic Cell Characterization
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The conductivity of the suspensions was measured using a high precision conductivity meter (ECTestr11+, Eutech Instruments). The response of cells was observed with an inverted optical microscope (Nikon Eclipse, TE 2000). Sinusoidal wave signal was generated by a signal generator (Tabor, 2572A 100 MHz Dual-Channel) to energize the microelectrodes with one of the electrodes grounded. The DEP platform was placed on a computer controlled specimen stage to continuously monitor the treatment process (see Figure S3 ).
Following cell immobilization and buffer aspiration, high magnification and resolution images were taken using a scanning electron microscope (FEI Nova NanoSEM). A Helix gaseous secondary electron detector was implemented to achieve the SEM imaging under low vacuum mode. Resolution of the SEM has been adjusted at 3.0 spot size using 5 kV acceleration in 0.6 Torr (∼80 Pa) vacuum environment, enabling charge-free imaging and analysis of fully hydrated specimens.
Following cell immobilization and buffer aspiration, high magnification and resolution images were taken using a scanning electron microscope (FEI Nova NanoSEM). A Helix gaseous secondary electron detector was implemented to achieve the SEM imaging under low vacuum mode. Resolution of the SEM has been adjusted at 3.0 spot size using 5 kV acceleration in 0.6 Torr (∼80 Pa) vacuum environment, enabling charge-free imaging and analysis of fully hydrated specimens.
4
Substrate Effects on Plant Growth
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For the experiment to identify the growth difference depending on substrate type, we used different types of substrates in the plug tray with 10mL cells. We mixed horticultural substrate, peat moss (Profi2, Durpeta, Lithuania), and perlite (Supergreenpamix, Misung, Yesan, Korea) in the volume ratio of 1:1, 3:1, and 4:1(v:v) for the substrates, and sowed 2-3 seeds in each cell. The experiment was conducted for 6 weeks in a phyto-garden where the temperature and humidity are maintained. Before the experiment, we measured pH, EC, and water holding capacity of each substrate. We used the effluent obtained from diluting air-dried substrate and distilled water in the ratio of 1:5(v:v) and mixing them for 1 hour, and measured pH and EC using the PHmeter (Seven EasypH meter, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland) and EC-meter (EC Testr 11+, Eutech Instruments, Singapore). For measurement of water holding capacity of the substrate, we filled the pot with 15-20g of air-dried substrates and applied bottom watering for 12 hours, after which we discharged water for 30 minutes and measured the weight. The formula is as follows.
• Water holding capacity (%) = (WW -DW) / WW ⋅ 100 (WW: wet weight, DW: dry weight)
• Water holding capacity (%) = (WW -DW) / WW ⋅ 100 (WW: wet weight, DW: dry weight)
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