Sodium sulfate

2-Aminoethyl
methacrylate (AEMA, 98%, Macklin Inc) and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium
hydroxide (SBMA, 99%, J&K Scientific) were employed as monomers
to synthesize the zwitterionic copolymer P[SBMA-co-AEMA] as reported by Han et al.,^{14 (link)} and
the detailed process was illustrated in the Supporting Information (S1). The M_n and M_w of the resultant zwitterionic copolymer were
3216 and 4237 Da, respectively, which were measured by the gel permeation
chromatography experiments at room temperature with DI water as the
mobile phase and polymethyl methacrylate as the standard. 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl
trichloride (TMC, 98%, J&K Scientific), piperazine (PIP, >99%,
J&K Scientific), and polyethylene glycols (PEG, 99%) with different
molecular weights between 200 and 800 g/mol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(China). 2,2′-Azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 99%), dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO, 99.5%), n-hexane (99.5%), sodium hydroxide
(NaOH, 99.9%), sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.9%), phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS, pH 7.4), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, 99.9%),
bovine serum albumin (BSA, 98%, molecular weight 68 kDa), and humic
acid (HA, >90%) were obtained from J&K Scientific Ltd. (China).
Except for the TMC organic solution, all solution preparations used
Milli-Q water as the solvent.

A Nafion-117 cation exchange membrane for separating catholyte and anolyte was manufactured by Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Ltd. (Wilmington, DE, USA). A potentiostat providing direct current (DC) power was purchased from Shanghai Chenhua Science Technology Corp., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Unless otherwise specified, all chemical reagents were acquired from commercial suppliers and utilized without further purification. Sodium persulfate (PS, ≥99.5%), carbamazepine, norfloxacin, atrazine, phonel, methanol (99%), bisphenol A (BPA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), atrazine, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, ≥99.0%), Diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), potassium titanium (IV) oxalate, tert-butanol (TBA, 99%), and boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) electrodes (800 ppm boron, bipolar, 1 mm coating thickness) were obtained from J&K Chemical (Beijing, China). Activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrodes and platinum-plated titanium electrodes (25 mm × 50 mm × 1 mm) were obtained from Shanxi Kaida Chemical Ltd., Lvliang, China. DC power supply was obtained from Zhejiang Sako Electrical Group Co., Ltd., Leqing, China.

The materials and reagents are as follows: 2-Methylimidazole (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), thiourea (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), potassium bromide (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), zinc dihydrate acetate (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), sodium sulfate (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), benzoquinone (99%, J&K, Beijing, China), methanol (≥99.7%, J&K, Beijing, China), isopropanol (99.5%, J&K, Beijing, China), Rhodamine B (96%, J&K, Beijing, China), anhydrous ethanol (≥99.7%, Fuyu chemical, Tianjin, China), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (98%, Damao chemical reagent factory, Tianjin, China), and cadmium acetate dihydrate (99%, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The ITO slides are purchased from Luoyang Guluo Glas Co., Ltd. (Luoyang, China).