Statistical package for social science

The statistical analysis used was the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 26, IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to confirm that the data showed a normal distribution. Since the assumption of normality was not met, nonparametric tests were used. To calculate the reliability of each of the dimensions of this study, Cronbach’s alpha was used. To analyze the differences between the three dichotomous questions according to the educational stage where the teachers worked, the Person’s chi-square test was used. For the differences between each of the dimensions of the CEFI-R according to the educational stage of the teachers, the Mann–Whitney U test was used; and Spearman’s Rho test was used to analyze the association of each of the dimensions with the different age groups.

Data were examined using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 26, IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to determine whether the data supported the assumption of normality. Nonparametric tests were chosen. In order to evaluate the internal consistency of the three dichotomous questions, the Kuder–Richardson coefficient (KR20) was calculated. Differences between the three dichotomous questions according to the educational stage were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test. The Kruskal–Wallis test was employed to establish the differences between the CEFI-R dimension according to the educational stage (preschool, primary, or secondary). The association between each CEFI-R dimension and age group was examined using Spearman’s rho test.

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 23, IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was carried out to determine if the data followed a normal distribution. As this assumption was not met, for both the dichotomous questions (Kolmogorov-Smirnov = 0.484; p = 0.000; and Bartlett’s = 36.607; p = 0.000) and the CEFI-R items (Kolmogorov-Smirnov = 0.300; p = 0.000; and Bartlett’s = 3352.626; p = 0.000), non-parametric tests were chosen. Pearson’s Chi-Square test was performed to analyze the differences between the three dichotomous questions according to teachers’ sex and educational stage. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences between the responses to the dichotomous questions and the CEFI-R dimensions. This test was also used to analyze the differences between the dimensions according to the sex of the teachers and the educational stage. The Spearman Rho was performed to explore the association between the CEFI-R dimensions and age. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to calculate the reliability of each of the dimensions from the CEFI-R. Reliability values between 0.60 and 0.70 can be considered acceptable, while values between 0.70 and 0.90 are excellent [52 ].

This study used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 21.0 IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to perform statistical analyses. Average mean, standard deviation, and percentage were used in the descriptive statistics. The statistical methods included the correlation analysis and the regression analysis to test the contribution and significance of the variables. This study also measured the Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) of each variable to understand the reliability and validity of the scale. PROCESS Macro for SPSS was then used to verify the mediation effects. During all the testing of the PROCESS Models, this study used 10,000 bootstrap samples with 95 percent confidence intervals for the boot-strap analyses.