2 amino 2 hydroxymethyl propane 1 3 diol

Graphene
CamGraph G3 was supplied by Cambridge
Nanosystems Ltd., UK. l-DOPA (≥98%) and Tris-base
(tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-propane-1,3-diol)
(≥99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All of the solutions
and dispersions were prepared using distilled water (0.5 μS
cm^–1). Transparent aqueous base SX 150 acrylic (dedicated
to screen printing), used for the preparation of electroconductive
paints, was purchased from Sico Screen Inks NV (Merchtem, Poland).

The voucher specimens (Pisum sativum L. var. saccharatum Poir: CMU-104-PS-003) were deposited in Herbarium of College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Antipain, aprotinin, dithiothreitol, ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, leupeptin, Nonidet P-40, pepstatin, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, sodium deoxycholate, trigonelline, and 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (Tris) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). Antibodies to various proteins were obtained from the following sources: β-actin antibody was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company; Caspase-9, catalase, p38 (pThr180/Tyr182), and Raf (pSer259) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA); Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD were from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA); ERK (pThr202/Tyr204) was from ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA); Nrf2 (pSer40) was from GeneTex, Inc. (Irvine, CA); Caspase-3 and protein kinase Cα (PKCα) from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse and -rabbit IgG were from Abcam.

Reagents like copper(II) chloride, copper(II) acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, o-phenylenediamine, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (TRIS), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), triisopropylsilane (TIS), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and piperidine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich^® and Thermofisher^®. Solvents such as acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), diethyl ether (Et₂O), chloroform (CHCl₃), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), dichloromethane (DCM), acetic anhydride and hexane were used at synthesis grade purity and directly from commercial sources (Scharlab^®, Panreac^® and VWR^®). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was purchased from Acros Organics^®. The N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acids (Fmoc-Arg (Pbf)-OH and Fmoc-Gly-OH), 2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and the Rink amide MBHA (100–200 mesh) resin were obtained from Novabiochem^®.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin solution, Medium 199, Collagenase Type II (product number: C2-BIOC, Sigma), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (product number: D6883, Sigma), creatine, Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), potassium chloride, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), carnitine, rhodamine 123 (product number: R8004, Sigma), taurine (product number: T0625, Sigma), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Trypan Blue, bovine serum albumin (BSA), sucrose, d-mannitol, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS), 2 monopotassium phosphate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), sodium succinate, 3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (MOPS), magnesium chloride, rotenone, acridine orange (AO), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether) (EGTA), Coomassie Brilliant Blue, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), Myr (product number: M6760, Sigma), and butylated hydroxytoluene (product number: PHR1117, Sigma) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). AlP with a purity of about 99% was gifted from the Samiran Company (Tehran, Iran). AlP was freshly prepared before use and dissolved in DMSO (0.05%).

Acrylamide ≥ 99% (Aam), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide ≥ 99.5% (Bis), squalane oil, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate 98% (linker), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone 99% (HCPK) and 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (Tris) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; ethylenediaminetetraacetcic acid (EDTA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were obtained from VWR. Single-stranded Morpholino oligonucleotides and DNA oligonucleotides with custom specified base pair sequence (Table 1) (some functionalized with an acrydite group, some fluorescently labelled at specific base) were obtained from Gene Tools (Philomath, OR, USA) and Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA, USA), respectively. All materials were used without further purification. De-ionized water with resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm (Millipore Milli-Q) was used throughout.

Reagents
like copper(II) chloride, copper(II)
acetate, DCFDA, calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) sodium salt, benzene-1,2-diamine, N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH), bromine,
and 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) were obtained
from Sigma-Aldrich and Thermo Fisher. Solvents such as acetonitrile
(ACN), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), ether, chloroform (CHCl₃), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), dichloromethane
(DCM), acetic anhydride, and hexane were used at synthesis grade purity
and directly from commercial sources (Scharlab, Panreac and VWR).