DON on THP-1 macrophages was assessed by measuring the pro-inflammatory
cytokine release following DON exposure. THP-1 cells were seeded at
1.8 × 105 cells/well in a 12-well plate with 50 ng/mL
phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO,
USA) for 24 h. After PMA induced differentiation, THP-1 macrophages
were washed once and supplied with the culture medium for an additional
24 h. THP-1 macrophages were subsequently exposed to DON (0, 0.25,
0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM) (Sigma-Aldrich) for 24 h in the culture
medium. These concentrations of DON were shown to be noncytotoxic
to THP-1 macrophages (
was collected, and the concentrations of IL-1β were quantified
by an enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) performed according
to manufacturer’s instructions (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA).