Rhodamine b

Cadmium Oxide (CdO), Titanium Tetra IsoPropoxide (TTIP), Tween-80, Ethanol and Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were procured from Merck. Crab shells (Chitin) were purchased at Seafood Market, Kasimedu, Chennai, India. Methyl orange, Methylene blue, and Rhodamine B were supplied by S.D. Fine Chemicals, India.

Rutin Hydrate (RUT) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, (Burlington, MA, USA), a product of China. Phospholipid 90G was procured from Lipoid, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Sisco Research Laboratories PVT LTD, Mumbai, India provided the cholesterol, DPPH, and rhodamine-B. Other chemicals like glycerol, HPLC Water, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and HCL were purchased from SD Fine Chemicals, (Mumbai, India). Carbopol^® 934P NF (Carbopol 934P NF is used as Extended-release agent, Suspension and emulsion stabilizer and Bio adhesive agent) was received as a gift sample from Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc., (Wickliffe, OH, USA). All the other solvents such as methanol, chloroform, ethanol, and octanol used were of laboratory grade, procured from Merck (Mumbai, India).

Hesperidin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phospholipid 90G was procured from Lipoid, Germany. Carbopol 934P, Polyethylene glycol, and Triethanolamine were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rhodamine B, Ascorbic acid, 1,1diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) were procured from SD Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India. Rodent rat skin was utilized from Etsy Pvt Ltd. India. All the other reagents and chemicals used in the experiments were of analytical grade.