and streptomycin, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
(DMEM), and trypsin were purchased from Corning (New York, NY). Fetal
bovine serum (FBS), SpinSmart RNA mini purification kit, cDNA synthesis
master mix, and SB-Green qPCR Master Kit were from the Denville Scientific
(Metuchen, NJ). Oligofectamine was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad,
CA). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), coumarin-6, bovine serum albumin (BSA),
(G-6404),
(A3286), lactose (L3750), and maltose (M9171) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MI). Primary antibodies CD98 (sc-9160), β-actin
(sc-47778), and GAPDH (sc-25778) were obtained from Santa Cruz (Dallas,
TX), the secondary antibody goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) ads-HRP (Cat
#4050-05) was from Southern Biotech (Birmingham, AL), and goat anti-Mouse
IgG (H + L) HRP Conjugate (Cat #170-6516) was from BIORAD (Hercules,
CA). Alexa Fluor 568 phalloidin and DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)
were from ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA). The plasma membrane protein
extraction kit was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA).