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12 protocols using qbend10

1

Immunohistochemistry for ORM1 and CD34 Quantification

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Immunohistochemistry for ORM1 (2F9-1F10, Abcam, 1:100) and CD34 (QBEnd-10, Dako, 1:50) was performed according to previously described protocols.[15 (link)]
The evaluation of ORM-1 cytoplasmic and membrane immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively scored using a four-grade scoring scale as follows: 0 (no staining); 1 (+, low): 1%–10% positive cells; 2 (++, intermediate or moderate): 11%–50% positive cells and 3 (+++, high): >50% positive cells.
The MVD was determined using the method originally described by Weidner.[16 ] At low magnification, five “hot spots” with a high number of CD34-positive blood vessels were assessed. Subsequently, counting was performed in each area at ×200 field magnification. The MVD is expressed as the highest number of vessels within any ×200 field. The kappa coefficient (intraobserver concordance) was 0.886.
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2

Immunostaining of Orbital Tissues

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Deparaffinized sections of orbital tissues were examined for expression of CD34, α–SMA, and CD31 using immunoperoxidase staining.32 (link) Briefly, deparaffinized tissue sections were pre-incubated in 50% methanol containing 1.5% H2O2 to block endogenous peroxidase activity. The sections were treated with 10% rabbit serum and incubated sequentially with mouse monoclonal antibodies to CD34 (QBEnd10; Dako Corp, Carpinteria, CA), α–SMA (1A4; Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ), or CD31 (JC70A; Dako) followed by biotinylated rabbit anti-mouse antibody and streptavidin-biotinylated horseradish peroxidase (Dako). Tissue-bound antibody complexes were visualized after development in a substrate solution containing 3–3' diamino-benzadine (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO) and 0.01% H2O2 in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 5.2, to yield a granular, brown reaction product. Tissue sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted in Gel/Mount (Biomeda Corp, Foster City, CA). Staining of sections with irrelevant monoclonal antibodies of the same isotype were used as controls. All antibody incubations were performed in parallel for 30 minutes at 37°C.
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3

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of CD34 and STAT6

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Available archived immunohistochemically (IHC) stained slides were reviewed and tabulated if interpretable (SCS and JBM). For UMHS cases where archival CD34 IHC stains were not available or interpretable, IHC for CD34 was performed on selected sections in the UMHS Clinical Immunohistochemistry Core. These studies used monoclonal clone QBEnd10 (Dako, Carpenteria, CA) at 1:100 dilution after pretreatment with CC1 buffer (Dako) for 30 minutes at 95 Celsius on a Benchmark Ultra autostainer (Ventana, Tucson, AZ). STAT6 IHC was performed on UMHS, CSMC, and VCUHS cases using an antibody to the protein Cterminus (SC-621, Santa Cruz, Biotechnology, Dallas TX) at a 1:200 dilution using ultraView DAB detection kit (760-500; Ventana Medical Systems/Roche, Tucson, AZ) and hematoxylin counterstain on a BenchMark XT autostainer (Ventana). STAT6 IHC was performed at UPMC using rabbit monoclonal STAT6 antibody (Clone YE361; Abcam, Cambridge MA, 1:500) on a Leica Bond III. STAT6 IHC was considered positive if present in a nuclear distribution within 10% or more of lesional cells, as reported previously (18 (link)), while CD34 IHC was scored by proportion of tumor cells positive as 0 (negative), 1+ (focal or multifocal), or 2+ (diffuse), both by SCS and JBM.
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4

Detailed Immunohistochemistry Protocol

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For immunohistochemistry, the following antibodies and dilutions were used on a Ventana Benchmark XT autostainer with ultraView Universal DAB detection kits (Ventana Medical Systems): muscle specific actin (DAKO; HHF35; 1:200), calponin (DAKO; CALP; 1:300), pan-cytokeratin (Beckman Coulter; KL-10; 1:150), desmin (DAKO; D33; 1:300), CD34 (Cell Marque; QBEnd/10; 1:800), CD117 (DAKO; A4502; 1:400), S100 (DAKO; Z0311; 1:3,000), Ki67 (DAKO; MIB-1; 1:150), CD80 (Abcam; EPR1157(2); 1:300), p53 (Leica Microsystems; DO-7; 1:25), C-MYC (Abcam; Y69; 1:100), LMP1 (Diagnostic BioSystems; CS1/CS2/CS3/CS4; 1:100), LMP2A (Acris antibodies; 15F9; 1:100), EBNA2 (Merck Millipore; R3; 1:25) and the viral transcription factor ZEBRA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; BZ1; 1:100). CD86 (BIOZOL Diagnostica; 1B3; 1:100) was stained manually. Chromogenic in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) was performed using fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide probes (INFORM EBER Probe, Ventana). Fluorescence in situ hybridization for C-MYC (Zyto Vision) was performed as described before43 (link).
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5

Immunohistochemical Identification of Angiogenesis Markers

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Human granulation tissue samples were fixed in formaldehyde (4%) and embedded in paraffin-wax. Sections of 2.5-µm thickness were mounted on TOMO® microscope slides (Matsunami Glass, USA). Immunohistochemistry was performed using Ventana Benchmark Ultra Immunostainer (Roche, Germany).
Primary antibodies used were anti-CD31 (rabbit monoclonal, ab28364, Abcam, UK) ready-to-use without antigen retrieval and anti-CD34 (mouse monoclonal, QBEnd10, Dako, Denmark) ready-to-use with standard antigen retrieval using Ultra Cell Conditioning Solution (Ultra CC1-Ventana, Roche, Germany).
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6

Automated Immunohistochemical Quantification of Microvessel Density

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The samples were histoprocessed in a conventional fashion and assayed immunohistochemically in order to determine MVD counts upon reaction to CD34 on the BenchMarck automated system (Ventana medical systems, Inc. Roche USA). Tissue sections were dewaxed, hydrated and then had their endogenous peroxidase activity blocked through successive baths and treatment with hydrogen peroxide. They were incubated with the primary antibody (anti-CD34; Dako, clone QBEnd10, title 1/400) for 20 min. The reaction was revealed with Diaminobenzidine (DAB) and counterstained with the Harris’ hematoxylin.
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7

Immunohistochemical Detection of CD34 and Ki-67

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The following primary antibodies were used for the detection of CD34 and Ki-67: Monoclonal Mouse Anti-human CD34, clone: Class II, QBEnd 10 (DAKO, Catalog Number N1632) and Monoclonal Mouse Anti-human Ki-67, clone: MIB-1, (DAKO catalog number N1633) were used. The exact staining procedure was described in detail elsewhere [6 , 7 ].
To visualize proteins NORs, the preparations were stained according to Ploton modified by Ofner [8 (link)]. The whole procedure was described previously [6 ].
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8

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Breast Masses

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Histologic examination was performed by a pathologist who had 17 years of experience in breast pathology. MVD of the breast masses was assessed by immunostaining using a mouse monoclonal CD34 antibody (QBEnd-10, Dako, Agilent Technolgies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). First, each slice of the breast mass sections was examined at low magnification (× 10) to identify the three most vascularized areas or “hot spots” (Eclipse Ni microscope, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Second, the microvessels were counted under high magnification (× 200), and the mean counts of the three areas were recorded as MVD.
Histologic diagnoses of the breast masses were performed according to the World Health Organization's classification (26 ). In invasive ductal carcinomas, the immunohistochemical staining results of biomarkers, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki67, were evaluated. The Allred scoring system was used to assess ER and PR, with a score of more than 2 points being considered positive (27 (link)). HER2 expression was considered positive when membrane 3+ HER2 staining was observed on immunohistochemistry or membrane 2+ HER2 staining with HER2 gene amplification was observed on silver in situ hybridization. Ki67 expression of 14% or more was considered positive.
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9

Immunohistochemical Analysis of SOD3, HIF-2α, and CD34 in hCRC

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Microarrays were prepared from hCRC samples43 (link) and IHC was performed in deparaffinized samples after antigen retrieval in citrate buffer (pH 6.0, 20 min) by incubation with goat anti-SOD3 (AF3420, R&D Systems), rabbit anti-HIF-2α (NB100-122, Novus Biologicals), or mouse anti-CD34 antibodies (QBEnd-10, M7165 Dako), followed by appropriate peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies. The reaction was developed with AEC or diaminobenzidine (CD34) as chromogens, and hematoxylin counterstained. In all cases, sections from normal colon mucosa distant from the tumor site were used as controls. Staining was evaluated in a Leica DM500 optical microscope by a single pathologist (M.J.F.-A.) blinded to experimental data. The percentage of stained cells and staining intensity (scored as 1–3) were recorded for each gene, and the H-score was calculated as the product of these parameters63 (link) for the epithelial tumor cell compartment and for tumor-associated stromal cells. In IF analyses, samples were incubated with all three antibodies, followed by appropriate secondary antibodies. Images were captured on an Olympus FluoView 1000 confocal microscope.
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10

Immunohistochemical CD34 Staining Protocol

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The sensitive streptavidin‐biotinylated horseradish peroxidase complex system (Catalyzed Signal Amplification System, DAKO, Carpinteria, CA) was utilized for the immunohistochemistry staining for CD34 based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded sections were dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated in gradient ethanol. Afterward, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. Antigen retrieval was performed by microwave pretreatment in 100 W citrate buffers for 5 min and 30 W for 25 min. Then, the sections were incubated with mouse anti‐human CD34 monoclonal antibody (mAb; working dilution 1:200, QBEnd10, DAKO) at 4℃ overnight. Following washing by TBS with 0.1% Tween 20, the sections were incubated with biotinylated rabbit anti‐mouse secondary antibody for 30 min, followed by TBS washing. The sections were then incubated with streptavidin–biotin complex for 15 min. All the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin.
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