The left valves were embedded in epoxy resin and cut parallel to the long axis of growth through the umbo to expose the internal shell using a Buehler low speed saw. These thick sections were then polished through a series of silicon carbide papers (P400-P1200). The embedded shell valves were used to measure shell thickness. A minimum of ten measurements on each shell were made based on light microscope images. Measurements included overall shell thickness, as well as measurements of the calcite and aragonite band individually, which were identified by changes in color under light microscopy. From these measurements the average thickness, maximum thickness and percentage calcite were calculated. Both average thickness and maximum thickness were divided by the length of the specimen to incorporate the influence of size on thickness.
Low speed saw
Manufactured by Buehler
Sourced in United States, Germany
The Low Speed Saw is a precision cutting instrument designed for sectioning a variety of materials. It features a low-speed motor that allows for controlled, accurate cuts with minimal sample deformation.
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Lab products found in correlation
8 protocols using low speed saw
1
Measuring Shell Thickness in Bivalves
2
Aneurysm Model Sectioning and Imaging
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Aneurysms were embedded in a low viscosity epoxy embedding medium, Spurr's Resin (SPI Supplies/Structure Probe, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA). Coiled aneurysms were infiltrated with the resin and placed in low pressure to remove air trapped in the model. The model was cured, allowing the resin to polymerize. Once the model had cured, the silicone was removed from the aneurysm model. One neck and two dome sections were obtained from each aneurysm model using a low speed saw (Buehler, Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA) for a total of three sections. The neck section was cut between the aneurysm dome and parent vessel. The two dome sections were obtained from two vertical cuts perpendicular to the neck of the aneurysm on either side of the center line. Sections were mounted, polished, and rinsed with 2-propanol. Mounted aneurysm sections were imaged using a flat-bed scanner (Canoscan 9950F; Lake Success, New York, USA) and saved for image analysis.
3
Femoral Bone Bending Beam Preparation
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The frozen femoral mid‐diaphyseal samples were sawed with a diamond band saw (EXAKT Technologies, Inc., USA) to extract smaller, rectangular bone samples of at least 12 mm in length from the lateral region of the femoral quadrant (Fig. 1 ). The smaller bone samples were further sawed using a low‐speed saw (Buehler Ltd., Germany) with a 300‐μm‐thick diamond blade to obtain bending beams of 2 mm thickness (B) × 3 mm height (W) × 12 mm length (L). The bone samples were then polished using 1‐μm diamond suspension to provide a final surface finish for imaging of the crack propagation during three‐point bending testing on one surface of the bending beam dedicated to crack imaging. All procedures were performed while keeping the bone samples hydrated in PBS.
4
Determining Fish Age via Otolith Sectioning
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To determine the age of specimens, sagittal otoliths were embedded in an epoxy resin block and a transverse section (approximately 400 μm) was cut from each using a Buehler low-speed saw to expose the otolith core [50 ]. Individual sections were mounted on glass microscope slides with thermoplastic cement and polished with 1200-grit wet-dry sanding paper [50 ]. Each section was viewed under transmitted light with a dissecting microscope for annual increments and a compound microscope for daily increments. Where possible, the number of presumed daily or annual increments was counted along the dorsal axis, as the increments were generally more distinct in this region.
5
Porcine Bone Scaffold Preparation
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The scaffold, named OsteoBiol® Dual Block (Tecnoss® Dental, Coazze, Italy), is a collagenated block constituted by natural cancellous and cortical porcine bone. The cortical bone is naturally anchored to cancellous bone in order to provide stability after grafting. This scaffold guarantees, due to its rigid consistency, that the original volume of grafting site can be preserved and it is indicated for horizontal crest reconstructions. This biomaterial was selected for the previously mentioned peculiar features; in particular, because it possesses a cortico-cancellous structure similar to human bone [16 (link),17 (link)].
Small blocks (20 × 15 mm2) were cut into slices with thickness of approximately 5 mm using a Buehler low-speed saw equipped with a diamond water blade (Buehler Isomet, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). The slices were processed through washes in distilled water (d-H2O), sonicated for 1′ (1 cycle 70 W, SONOPULS, HD2070, Bandelin; Berlin, Germany), and then further washed with sterile PBS (LiStarFish, Milan, Italy). After that, the scaffolds were sterilized using UV irradiation overnight before use.
Small blocks (20 × 15 mm2) were cut into slices with thickness of approximately 5 mm using a Buehler low-speed saw equipped with a diamond water blade (Buehler Isomet, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). The slices were processed through washes in distilled water (d-H2O), sonicated for 1′ (1 cycle 70 W, SONOPULS, HD2070, Bandelin; Berlin, Germany), and then further washed with sterile PBS (LiStarFish, Milan, Italy). After that, the scaffolds were sterilized using UV irradiation overnight before use.
6
Cadaveric Bone Prismatic Beam Preparation
7
Bone Marrow Cavity Analysis
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Light femurs were removed and bone marrow cavities were exposed using a Low Speed Saw (Buehler Ltd.), then fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 hours, followed by 75% alcohol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, gradient alcohol dehydration, defatted by xylene, embedded in paraffin, cut at a thickness of 3 μm with RM2155 hard tissue microtome (Leica AG, Wetzlar, Germany), and then stained with haematoxylin-eosin, TUNEL, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The dyeing results were photographed using a fluorescence microscope. The number of fat cavitation and cell apoptosis were observed and compared.
8
Comprehensive Bone Histomorphometry Analysis
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The left tibias were removed and bone marrow cavities were exposed using a Low Speed Saw (Buehler Ltd., Chicago, IL, USA). The proximal tibial metaphyses were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 hours followed by gradient alcohol dehydration, defatted by xylene, and then embedded undecalcified in methyl methacrylate. The proximal tibial metaphysis was cut at a thickness of 9 μm and 5 μm with RM2155 hard tissue microtome (Leica AG, Wetzlar, Germany). The 9-μm unstained sections were used for dynamic histomorphometric analyses. The 5-μm sections were used for toluidine blue staining and Masson-Goldner Trichrome staining for the static histomorphometric measurements. A semiautomatic digitising image analysis system (Osteometrics, Atlanta, GA, USA) was used for quantitative bone histomorphometric measurements. The following parameters were measured: Tb.N, Tb.Sp, percent of osteoclasts perimeter (%Oc.Pm), bone formation rate per bone surface (BFR/BS), percent of the trabecular bone area (%Tb.Ar), percent of osteoblasts perimeter (%Ob.Pm), number of osteoclasts (Oc.N), and percent of labelled perimeter (%L.Pm).
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