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11 protocols using dimension fastscan microscope

1

Real-Time Imaging of Chaperone-Mediated Protein Disaggregation

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All AFM imaging was performed in liquid using Peakforce Tapping with either a Dimension FastScan microscope (images presented in Figs 1A and B, and 2A and D, and EV1) or a Multimode 8 (images presented in Fig 1C). FastScan D cantilevers (Bruker) were used with the Dimension FastScan microscope and PeakForce HIRS‐F‐B cantilevers (Bruker) were used with the Multimode 8 microscope. FastScan D cantilevers were operated using a drive frequency of 8 kHz and PeakForce HIRS‐F‐B cantilevers were operated at 4 kHz drive frequency. The areas imaged were 0.8 × 0.25–4 × 2 µm2 in size and recorded at 3.5 Hz (FastScan) or 1.75 Hz (Multimode 8) line rate. Images were 512 × 256, 512 × 172 or 384 × 172 pixels in size.
During AFM movie acquisition, disaggregation was initiated by retracting the cantilever tip ~100 nm from the surface and injecting 0.75–1 µM Hsc70, 0.37 – 0.5 µM DNAJB1 and 0.07–0.1 µM Apg2 (always at a Hsc70:DNAJB1:Apg2 molar ratio of 1:0.5:0.1) in disaggregation buffer (HKMD buffer for ‐ATP controls) into the sample droplet. AFM imaging was continued within 1 min of injection of chaperones. The same area of αSyn fibres was imaged for >2 h at either at room temperature or at 30°C.
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2

Liquid Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets

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To prepare BP NSs, the bulk BP was ground to powder in a mortar, which was then dispersed in NMP (2 mg/ml) and sonicated for 4 h by a probe sonicator (on/off cycle: 5 s/5 s and 25% power) in an ice bath, followed by ultrasonication with a Kunshan KQ-600 GDV bath sonicator for 10 h (frequency: 40 kHz, power: 300 W) to perform liquid exfoliation. Next, the solution was centrifuged for 15 min at 7,000 rpm and the supernatant containing BP NSs was collected. Afterward, the supernatant was centrifuged for 15 min at 12,000 rpm and the precipitate was dispersed in NMP for further use.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using an FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit microscope operated at 120 kV. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was carried out using the Bruker Dimension Fastscan microscope.
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3

Ultrastructural Analysis of Lichen Thalli

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Disks of lichen thalli were fixed according to standard protocols [53 (link)]. Briefly, the samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), post-fixed in osmium tetroxide (Sigma, USA), dehydrated in a graded aqueous ethanol series and acetone, embedded in LR White resin (Medium Grade Acrylic Resin; Ted Pella, Redding, CA, USA), and polymerized at 60 °C for 24 h. Samples were carefully inserted in a vertical orientation in beam capsules, which were then filled with LR White resin before polymerization [54 ]. The top of the sample blocks was leveled using a diamond knife (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA). The upper cortex was visualized using the Bruker Dimension FastScan microscope (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) in PeakForceQNM (quantitative nanomechanical mapping) mode [55 (link)]. To obtain high-quality images of the topography and nanomechanical characteristics of the sections, the standard silicon cantilevers ScanAsyst-Air (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) with curvature 2 nm and stiffness 0.4 N m−1 were used. Images were acquired at a resolution of 512 lines per scan [56 (link)].
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4

Multimodal Characterization of Polymer Substrates

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Dispersive
Raman analysis
was performed on the cryo-cut cross sections
of the pretreated PC substrates with a Bruker SENTERRA dispersive
Raman microscope, using a 532 nm laser (20 and 10 Mw) and a 100× objective. Attenuated total
reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) mapping
was performed on a PerkinElmer Spotlight 400 FTIR-imaging system
with a germanium ATR crystal. A 200 × 200 μm2 area was measured by individual points with a 1.5 μm distance
and a 3 μm spatial resolution. Optical microscopy (OM)
imaging
was carried out with an Olympus BX60 or Keyence VHX
5000 microscope. The images were viewed using UV illumination to localize
BP. UV–vis spectroscopy was performed on a
PerkinElmer LAMBDA 750 spectrometer equipped with a 150 mm integrating
sphere. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
images of the ultratomed (at −120 °C) cross sections of
PC substrates coated with Ch-LCs were observed using a FEI Tecnai
T12 microscope, with an operating voltage of 100 kV. For atomic
force microscopy
(AFM) analysis, the
PC substrates coated with LCN were cut to size, held between holders,
and microtomed at RT, and the cross sections were characterized with
a Bruker Dimension FastScan microscope, using a quantitative nanoscale
mechanical (QNM) mode, at 1 and 0.5 Hz, RT.
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5

Atomic Force Microscopy for HOPG Analysis

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AFM measurements were recorded in the “Human Proteom Core Facility” using a Dimension FastScan microscope (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) equipped with commercial Fastscan-A cantilevers, in tapping mode, in air.
Square plates (approximately 7 mm × 7 mm) from HOPG were used as substrates in AFM experiments. A 2 μL DDAB solution was deposited directly onto a freshly cleaved HOPG. Then, either the sample was left for 15 s for adsorption or a 0.5 μL SLO solution was added, and the sample was left for 5 min, gently rinsed from the pipet with 500 μL of Milli-Q water and dried in nitrogen flow. Image processing was performed using FemtoScan software [35 ].
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6

Visualization of Self-Assembled Fibrils

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The diluted SAFs solution (0.01 g/L, 50 μL) was dopped on a fleshly cleaved mica surface and dried at room temperature for 12 h. The mica sheets were about 1.0 × 1.0 cm2. AFM images of SAFs were recorded using a Bruker Dimension Fast Scan microscope in tapping mode (Bruker Corp., Karlsruhe, Germany). The AFM images were analyzed using Nanoscope analysis 1.5 software (Bruker, Germany).
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7

Atomic Force Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles

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Twenty microlitres of isolated sEVs, NV fractions, exomeres and supermeres were diluted 1:1 with PBS and then incubated over (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (AP)-modified mica substrates (Ted Pella Inc.) for 3 min. To remove unbound particles, the substrates were washed twice with 50 µl PBS and imaged in PBS at room temperature. Measurements were conducted in PBS using a Dimension FastScan microscope (Bruker Instruments) in off-resonance tapping mode, with ScanAsyst Fluid+ tips (Bruker) with a nominal radius of about 2 nm and experimentally determined spring constants of 0.7 N m−1. The AFM images were taken at 256 samples per line, at 0.75 Hz. The images were exported offline and processed using the Gwyddion or custom R software.
For statistical analysis, data were expressed as the mean ± s.d. Statistical significance was determined using the Student’s t-test for the differences between different samples. P values of less than 0.01 were considered to be statistically significant.
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8

Multimodal Characterization of Catalysts

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SEM images were taken by a ZEISS SUPRA55 microscope. A JEOL F200 microscope was used to take the TEM images. AFM images were obtained by Bruker Dimension FastScan microscope. Aberration corrected STEM imaging and EELS mapping were acquired from a Nion HERMES-100 under 100 kV with a 30 mrad convergence angle. The enlarged STEM-BF image is denoised by low-psss filtering. Cu valence state analysis was performend by multiple linear least squares (MLLS) fitting in the 920–960 eV energy-loss range. The processed EELS data has been calibrated along the energy-loss axis to much the standard data56 , as the as-acquired spectra deviate slightly due to the small non-linearity of the energy dispersion at the two ends of the spectrometer prism. XPS spectra (ESCALAB 250Xi, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) was used to investigate chemical compositions and elemental oxidation states of the catalysts. Raman spectra were obtained from the Raman spectrometer (Horiba, Olympus microscope) with a 532 nm laser. GI-XRD patterns were obtained by a Panalytical Empyrean X-ray diffractometer. Gas products were analyzed by a Shimadzu GC 2030 gas chromatograph. Liquid products were analyzed by a NMR spectroscopy (AVANCE III 600 M, Bruker).
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9

Disaggregation of α-Synuclein Fibrils by Chaperones

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All AFM imaging was performed in liquid using Peakforce Tapping with either a Dimension FastScan microscope (images presented in Figures 1A,B, Ci and Figures 2 and3) or a Multimode 8 (images presented in Figure 1Cii). FastScan D cantilevers (Bruker) were used with the Dimension FastScan microscope and PeakForce HIRS-F-B cantilevers (Bruker) were used with the Multimode 8 microscope. FastScan D cantilevers were operated using a drive frequency of 8 kHz and PeakForce HIRS-F-B cantilevers were operated at 4 kHz drive frequency. The areas imaged were 0.8 x 0.25 -4 x 2 µm 2 in size and recorded at 3.5 Hz (FastScan) or 1.75 Hz (Multimode 8) line rate.
Images were 512 x 256, 512 x 172 or 384 x 172 pixels in size.
During AFM movie acquisition, disaggregation was initiated by retracting the cantilever tip ~100 nm from the surface and injecting 0.75 -1 µM Hsc70, 0.37 -0.5 µM DNAJB1 and 0.07 -0.1 µM Apg2 (always at a Hsc70:DNAJB1:Apg2 molar ratio of 1:0.5:0.1) in disaggregation buffer (HKMD buffer for -ATP controls) into the sample droplet. AFM imaging was continued within 1 minute of injection of chaperones. The same area of αSyn fibres was imaged for >2 hours at either at room temperature or at 30 °C.
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10

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of GO-PEG-Fol

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AFM imaging was carried out as previously reported. [17] (link) A drop of a suspension of GO-PEG-Fol in ultrapure water (10 -4 mg mL -1 ) was deposited onto a mica disk and then dried under vacuum (20 mbar) overnight. AFM measurements were performed in Tapping mode by a Bruker Dimension FastScan microscope equipped with closed-loop scanners and using a FastScan A probes (resonance frequency = 1400 kHz, tip radius = 5 nm).
Furthermore, in order to study the etching kinetics, for the GO-N 3 samples AFM measurements were recorded before and after 120 and 240 minutes from the treatment with nitrogen plasma.
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