Absolute ethanol

Materials including 2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene aldehyde (citral, 97%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 99%), aqueous ammonia (28%), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 97%), absolute ethanol (99.8%), hydrochloric acid (10%), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test solution (98%), trypsin soybean broth (TSB), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS, 0.1 M, pH = 7.4) were all provided by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).

Genuine silkworm cocoons were obtained from farmers in Shiquan, Shanxi province. CTS powder (900,000 Da, 95% deacetylated), acetic acid, lithium bromide, dimethyl sulfoxide, absolute ethanol, cell counting kit (CCK)-8, dialysis bags, 4% paraformaldehyde, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., and sodium carbonate was acquired from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. DMEM medium, 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), DY-554-Phalloidin staining, YF-488-Annexin V, and PI Apoptosis Kit were purchased from Share-bio Co., Ltd. Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Shrabio (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Female naked mice aged 6 weeks were purchased from JSJ-lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. The mice were housed in a germ-free environment. The human CRC cell line HCT-116 was obtained from the Cell Bank of Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and cultured in DMEM medium.

Ultrapure water was produced by the TW-D24UV system of Millitrack (Haryana, India). The yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (YNB), yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD), chitosan, and chloramphenicol were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). Chinese Baijiu (52%, v/v) was purchased from a supermarket (Dalian, China). EC was procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). TES buffer (300 mmol/L NaCl, 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 25 mmol/L EDTA, 0.2% (v/v) SDS, 2 mg/mL proteinase K, pH 8.0) was purchased from TransGen Biotech (Beijing, China). Tris-saturated phenol solution (pH 8.0), absolute ethanol, sodium acetate (pH 5.3), CaCl₂, boric acid, and chloroform-isoamyl alcohol were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). Glucose, glycerol, sucrose, mannose, and sorbose were purchased from Damao Co. (Tianjin, China). 4-methyl-1-pentanol was purchased from Aladdin Biotech (Shanghai, China).