Ringerfundin solution

Anesthesia and instrumentation protocols were similar to those previously described (Jarkovska et al., 2016 (link)). Anesthesia was induced with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine (2.2 mg/kg), zolazepam (2.2 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg), together with intravenous (IV) propofol 2% (1–2 mg/kg) and maintained with continuous IV propofol (1–4 mg/kg/h) and fentanyl (5–10 μg/kg/h). Animals were mechanically ventilated (FiO₂ 0.3, PEEP 8 cm H₂O, tidal volume 10 ml/kg, respiratory rate adjusted to maintain end/tidal pCO₂ between 4 and 5 kPa), and muscle paralysis was achieved with IV rocuronium (4 mg for induction, 0.2–0.4 mg/kg/h for maintenance). Ringerfundin solution (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) was infused as maintenance fluid (7 ml/kg/h) and normoglycemia (arterial blood glucose level 4.5–7 mmol/L) was maintained using 10% glucose infusion (1–4 ml/kg/h).
All pigs were instrumented with a femoral artery catheter, triple lumen central venous catheter, and pulmonary artery catheter. Silicone drains directed into the anatomical spaces of Morison and Douglas were used for fecal inoculation.

The protocols were described previously in detail [10 (link)]. In short, i.m. tiletamine (2.2 mg/kg), zolazepam (2.2 mg/kg) and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) together with i.v. propofol 2% (1–4 mg/kg) and fentanyl (5–10 µg/kg/h) were used for anesthesia induction and maintenance. Mechanical ventilation (FiO₂ 0.3, PEEP 8 cm H₂O, tidal volume 10 mL/kg) was adjusted to maintain end/tidal pCO₂ between 4 and 5 kPa. For muscle paralysis, i.v. rocuronium (4 mg for induction, 0.2–0.4 mg/kg/h for maintenance) was administered. A Ringerfundin solution (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany, 7 mL/kg/h) and 10% glucose infusion (1–4 mL/kg/h) were infused to maintain normovolemia and normoglycemia. The femoral artery, pulmonary artery and triple lumen central venous catheters were used for hemodynamic monitoring and blood sampling. Ultrasound flowprobe (Transonic Systems, Ithaca, NY) around the left renal artery was used for monitoring renal blood flow. Feces were inoculated through silicone drains into Morison and Douglas anatomical spaces.