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2 protocols using l arabinose

1

Quantifying Biomass Content via Acid Hydrolysis

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The neutral sugar content was
determined using the two-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis method28 with slight modifications.29 (link) For neutral sugar analysis, approximately 0.25 g of each
dried sample was dissolved in 1 mL of 72% sulfuric acid for 1 h in
a 30 °C water bath. Each mixture was quantitatively diluted by
adding 28 mL of distilled water (final sulfuric acid concentration,
4%), and each solution was incubated for 1 h at 121 °C. The resulting
hydrolysate was filtered through a 0.2 μm high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)-certified filter (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont,
UK). The neutral sugars obtained via acid hydrolysis were analyzed
by HPLC (Prominence, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) on SP0810
columns (Showa Denko K. K., Kanagawa, Japan), with a charged aerosol
detector (Corona Veo RS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
Neutral sugars were eluted with acetonitrile/water 13.0/87.0 (v/v)
at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min–1. Analytical grade l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-glucose, d-mannose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), and d-xylose (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were
used as standards to quantify the neutral sugars. Since a coal sample
does not contain neutral sugar and only a biomass sample contains
neutral sugar, the content of biomass in the mixture can be estimated
from the following equation.
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2

Genomic Analysis of E. coli Strains

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The E. coli strains and their mutants used in this study are listed in Table 1. Whole-genome sequences of the 442 O121:H19 strains (Data set S1) previously used in our phylogenetic analysis (13 ) were used for the analysis of IS insertion into the lacZ and iee genes.
Bacteria were grown in the following media: LB (1% [wt/vol] Bacto Tryptone, Gibco; 0.5% [wt/vol] Bacto Yeast Extract, Becton, Dickinson [BD]; 1% [wt/vol] sodium chloride, nacalai tesque), LB agar (LB containing 1.5% [wt/vol] Bacto Agar, BD), MAC (Difco MacConkey agar base, BD; 1% [wt/vol] lactose monohydrate, Wako), MAC not supplemented with lactose (Difco MacConkey agar base), Pearlcore MAC (Pearlcore MacConkey agar, Eiken Chemical Co.), MM (Difco M9 Minimal Salts, BD; 2 mM magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, Wako; 0.1% D-[+]-glucose, nacalai tesque), and MM agar (MM containing 1.5% [wt/vol] Bacto Agar). The growth media were supplemented with regents and antibiotics when necessary at the following concentrations: L(+)-arabinose (Wako), 1 mM; IPTG (Wako), 0.3 mM or 30 mM; X-gal (TaKaRa), 40 μg/mL; sucrose (nacalai tesque), 10% (wt/vol); D-(+)-glucose, 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4% (wt/vol); lactose monohydrate, 1.0% (wt/vol); D(+)-maltose monohydrate (Wako), 1.0% (wt/vol); chloramphenicol (Wako), 20 μg/mL; ampicillin (Sigma), 50 μg/mL; tetracycline (nacalai tesque), 10 μg/mL.
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