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17 protocols using alexa fluor 488 conjugated streptavidin

1

Dual FISH Assay for Prss56 and Tshb in Rat Brain

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Dual FISH was performed on sections from three adult rats, by mixing the digoxigenin-labeled Prss56 and fluorescein-labeled Tshb probes. Following hybridization, sections were first incubated in the peroxidase-conjugated sheep anti-digoxigenin antibody, and the signal was amplified using the TSA Plus DIG Kit (Cat# NEL748E001KT, Perkin Elmer) for 30 min, applying the DIG amplification reagent at 1:500 dilution in 0.05M Tris (pH 7.6) containing 0.01% H2O2. Sections were then incubated in a rabbit monoclonal antibody against digoxigenin (Thermo Fisher, Cat# 700772, RRID:AB_2532342; at 1 μg/ml concentration) for 3h, in the presence of 2% sodium azide to inactivate peroxidase activity. Sections were thoroughly washed in PBS, and incubated overnight in peroxidase-conjugated sheep anti-fluorescein antibody (Roche, Cat# 11426346910, RRID:AB_840257; diluted 1:100 in 1% blocking reagent). Signal amplification was applied using the TSA Plus Biotin Kit as described above, and the signals were detected with the cocktail of Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Streptavidin and Alexa 594-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson; 1:200). The red and green fluorescence of Alexa 594 and Alexa 488, respectively, were swapped in the images to keep the green color consistent for Prss56.
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2

Immunofluorescence Profiling of Neuronal Targets

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The following primary antibodies were used in this study: mouse anti-EEA1 (1:25, BD Biosciences Cat# 610456), mouse anti-GABAB2 (1:400, Abcam ab181736), rabbit anti-GABAB2 (1:400, Abcam ab75838), rabbit anti-GABAB2N (1:250, custom-made by GeneScript, Benke et al., 2002 (link)), mouse anti-HA-tag (1:400, Sigma Aldrich, H9658), rabbit anti-NeuN (1:400, Millipore ABN78), rabbit anti-PP2A (1:400, MyBioSource MBS858915), mouse anti-Rab4 (1:25, BD Biosciences Cat# 610888) and rabbit anti-Rab7 (1:50, Abcam ab137029). Secondary antibodies: donkey anti-rabbit AlexaFluor Plus 488 (1:2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific A32790), donkey anti-mouse AlexaFluor Plus 555 (1:2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific A32773), goat anti-rabbit AlexaFluor Plus 800 (1:2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific A32735), and AlexaFluor 488-conjugated streptavidin (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch 016-540-084). All normal laboratory chemicals used were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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3

Visualizing Neuronal Morphology in Spinal Slices

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After physiologic assays, spinal slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight and then transferred to a 30% sucrose solution in PBS. Slices were stained against biocytin with 1:500 Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch) to visualize the morphology of the recorded cells. Slices were also stained for DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) to identify laminar boundaries.
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4

Direct and Indirect Coombs Tests

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For direct Coombs tests, cells were collected from blood or spleen and probed directly with biotinylated anti-mouse IgM (Jackson ImmunoResearch) and the indicated phenotype antibodies for 30 min at 4°C. For indirect Coombs tests, cells were first incubated at 4°C for 2 hrs with the indicated mouse serum diluted 1:30 in PBS before being probed with biotinylated anti-mouse IgM and the indicated phenotype antibodies. Cells were then washed and probed with AlexaFluor-488 conjugated streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch) followed by analysis by flow cytometry.
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5

Immunofluorescence Imaging of Neuronal Markers

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Mice were anesthetized and perfused as described previously. The brain was isolated, fixed in 4% PBS-buffered PFA, and dehydration in sucrose solutions (30%) at 4 °C. The 50-μm frozen coronal slices were prepared by Leica CM3050 S Cryostat (Buffalo Grove, IL, USA). Slices were incubated in primary antibody in block buffer (10% goat serum and 0.2% Triton X-100) over night. After washing by PBS, the slices were incubated in secondary antibody for 1 h and DAPI for 5 min at room temperature. The slices were mounted in mounting medium (Sigma). Primary antibodies used were anti-HA (H6908-0.5 ml, Sigma, 1:500), anti-c-Fos (sc-52, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), anti-CRH (ab8901, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-TH antibodies (MAB318, Merck, 1:1000), and DAPI (D9534, Sigma). Secondary antibodies were anti-mouse 488 (711-545-150, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:1000) and anti-rabbit Cy3 (115-165-116, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:500). Images were acquired on a Nikon-A1 confocal microscope (Tokyo, Japan) using a 20 × objective lens. Biocytin-backfill slices were incubated with Cy3- or Alexa Fluor-488-conjugated streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 016-160-084, 016-540-084, 1:1000) to secondary antibody solution.
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6

Histological Analysis of Injection Site

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At the indicated times after immunization, mice were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and the injection site samples were excised. The tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 3 h, dehydrated in 30% sucrose solution overnight, embedded in optimal cutting temperature medium, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Eight micrometer thick sections of the tissue were obtained with a Leica CM1860 cryostat(Leica Biosystem, Buffalo Grove, IL). Sections were stained with the following antibodies (all from Biolegend, San Diego, CA): Biotinylated anti-I-A/I-E (#107603; APCs), anti-Ly-6G (#127603; neutrophils), anti-Mac-2 (#125403; macrophages), anti-Ly-6C (#128003; monocytes). The antibodies were detected with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated streptavidin (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratory, West Grove, PA). Eosinophils were stained with phenol red.34 (link) Sections were then embedded in Prolong Gold antifading with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), coverslipped, sealed, and stored at 4 °C. The number of fluorescently labeled cells at the injection site was counted within high-power field on a fluorescence microscope (Nikon E400). Confocal images of the injection sites were obtained with a Nikon A1R MP microscope (Nikon).
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7

Quantification and Visualization of Hyaluronan in OPCs

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A commercial HA enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (DuoSet ELISA System1: Hyaluronan, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used to quantify HA levels in cell culture supernatants. To visualize levels of HA produced by OPCs, cells were cultured in OPCDM and incubated with a biotinylated HABP (bHABP; Seikagaku Kogyo Co., Tokyo, Japan); the HABP complex was detected with Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated Streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch).
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8

Brain Tissue Fixation and Sectioning

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Mice or rats were overdosed with pentobarbital injection (100 mg/kg body weight), perfused with saline and 4% paraformaldehyde before their brains were rapidly removed. After overnight post-fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde solution, the brain was washed 3 times in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline. Coronal sections of 50–100 μm thickness were cut using a Leica Microsystems VT 1000S vibratome, wash 3–4 times in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) and stored in 0.1 M PB with 0.05% sodium azide at 4°C. Sections were mounted on glass slides in VectaShield (Vector Laboratories) and observed with epifluorescence (Leitz DMRB microscope, Leica) or confocal imaging (Zeiss). For the identification of native EYFP + or streptavidin + neurons and layer markers we proceeded as previously described (35, 45). Sections containing Neurobiotin-labeled cells were localized by incubating them in 1:400 Alexa Fluor488–conjugated streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch 016–540-084) with 0.5% Triton X-100 (vol/vol) in PBS (PBS-Tx) for 2 h at 22–25°C.
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9

Visualizing Neuronal Morphology with Biocytin Staining

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After electrophysiological recording, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight, then transferred to 30% sucrose solution in PBS. Slices were stained against biocytin with 1:500 Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch) to visualize the morphology of recorded cells. Slices were also stained for 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Sigma-Aldrich) to identify laminar boundaries. Cell morphology was visualized using Olympus BX 61 epifluorescent microscopy and the MetaMorph imaging suite (Molecular Devices). In addition, we imaged labeled cells in selected sections with a confocal microscope (LSM 700/780, Carl Zeiss Microscopy). Image stitching, overlaying, maximum projections, and export were performed by using the ZEN software analysis tools.
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10

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding Assay

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Vero cells (5 × 104) were seeded onto cover glasses on 12-well plates. After 24 h, the cells were replenished with DMEM/F12 medium and incubated with R-Spike CD-MERS-CoV-Biotin in a 5% CO2 incubator for 30 min at 37 °C. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently blocked and permeabilized with phosphate-buffered saline with Tween-20 (PBST) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Alexa Fluor-488-conjugated Streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch laboratories Inc.) was added, and the cultures were incubated for 1 h. Then, the samples were washed in PBST, and Hoechst 33258 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added to stain the nuclei. The slides were analyzed by confocal microscopy using a Carl Zeiss LSM710 microscope (Carl Zeiss Co. Ltd. Oberkochen, Germany).
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