All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade. Water for chromatographic analysis was purified from reverse osmosis systems (Merk Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Baclofen (target substance, Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan) and Baclofen impurities A and B (Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan), the major impurities in Baclofen in previous reports [17 (link)], were used as standards (purity > 99.0%). Lactose monohydrate (extra-fine crystal lactose hydrate ‘Hoei’, Pfizer Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used as a diluent. Standard solutions of Baclofen (20.0 µg/mL) and Baclofen impurities A and B (20.0 µg/mL) were prepared by dissolving 2 mg of each substance in 100 mL of a 50% (v/v) methanol/water mixture. For the test solution, 1.0 g of stored compound powder (10.0 mg Baclofen) was dissolved in 100 mL of 50% (v/v) methanol/water mixture and then diluted with the mixed solvents of the mobile phase of high-performance liquid chromatography (60% (v/v) 10 mM ammonium formate solution and 0.1% acetonitrile formate solution) to prepare the Baclofen solution. The test solution was prepared in triplicate.
Baclofen
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Macao, Canada
Baclofen is a pharmaceutical drug used as a muscle relaxant. It is a synthetic derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Baclofen acts on GABA receptors in the central nervous system to reduce muscle spasms and stiffness.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Muscimol, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
Cgp35348, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Picrotoxin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Bicuculline, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Saclofen, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Cgp54626, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Baclofen, by Baxter (2 mentions)
Muscimol, by Baxter (2 mentions)
Phaclofen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Naltrexone hydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Strychnine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cgp55845, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Clozapine n oxide, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Cgp54626, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Kynurenic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Infusion pump, by Harvard Apparatus (2 mentions)
Bicuculline, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Gabazine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Damgo, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium saccharin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
87 protocols using baclofen
1
HPLC Analysis of Baclofen and Impurities
2
Effects of ELF-EMF and Pharmacological Agents
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Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean body weight of 200g were randomly assigned into 10 experimental groups (n = 5 each). Groups 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were exposed to 50 Hz, 500 µT ELF-EMF for 30 days 8h per day while the remaining groups (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) were sham-exposed. At the end of this period, the animals in groups 1 and 2 received normal saline while animals in groups 3 and 4 treated with 100 mg/kg (low dose) of CGP35348 (Sigma-Aldrich) and animals of groups 5 and 6 injected with 200 mg/kg (high dose) of CGP35348 (doses were in accordance with those used by Sahebgharani et al., 2006 (link)). Animals of groups 7 and 8 treated with 1.7 mg/kg (low dose) of Baclofen (sigma-Aldrich) and rats in groups 9 and 10 received 3 mg/kg (high dose) Baclofen (doses borrowed from Maccioni et al., 2005 (link)). All these treatments performed by IP injections and the volume of injection kept equal for rats with equal weights.
During the experiment, the animals had free access to commercial pellets and tap water. The environmental conditions included 12h light/12h dark cycles and temperature of about 22° C. All procedures performed in this study are in accordance with institutional guidelines of School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University for using laboratory animals in scientific experiments.
During the experiment, the animals had free access to commercial pellets and tap water. The environmental conditions included 12h light/12h dark cycles and temperature of about 22° C. All procedures performed in this study are in accordance with institutional guidelines of School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University for using laboratory animals in scientific experiments.
3
Fibulin-2 Modulation of Spinal Neuron Response
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Spinal cultures were treated for 1 h or 15 min at 37°C with fibulin-2 protein at 25 or 50 nM. Then, cultures were treated for 30 min at 37°C with baclofen (10–3 M to 10–9 M, Sigma B5399), or with GABA (10–4 M, Sigma A5835); or with competitive antagonists CGP55485 (0.5 or 50 μM, Tocris 55845) or saclofen (100 μM or 1 mM, Sigma S166) co-applied with baclofen. Next, cells were fixed 20 min at 37°C [4% paraformaldehyde, 4% sacharose in phosphate buffer (PB) 0.1M, pH 7.4], washed [0.1M PB saline (PBS), 10 min at RT] and mounted on slides (Fluorescent Mounting Medium Dako Cytomation, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States).
4
Ethanol, GABA Agonist Effects on Midbrain
5
Baclofen Promotes Spinal Cord Regeneration
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Two different SCI experiments were conducted to assess the regenerative efficacy of Baclofen. In both experiments, adult mice were randomized into treatment groups and T12 dorsal column lesions were conducted as above. In the first experiment, one hour after injury, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg Baclofen (B5399, Sigma) or saline control. In Baclofen injected mice, Baclofen was then administered via drinking water at a dosage of 1 mg/ml for four weeks until endpoint with water refreshed every 3-4 days. Sciatic nerve tracing with AAV-eGFP was conducted as above 2 weeks after injury and 2 weeks prior to endpoint. In the second experiment, sciatic nerve tracing with AAV-eGFP was conducted as above immediately after T12 dorsal column lesion. One hour after injury, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg/kg Baclofen (B5399, Sigma), 46 mg/kg Pregabalin (PGB; 3775, Tocris), or saline control. Mice were then injected with 5 mg/kg Baclofen, 46 mg/kg PGB, or saline every 10-14 h morning and evening for 2 weeks post-injury and then sacrificed.
6
Muscimol and Baclofen Infusion for SxAT
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The GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol (Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Munich, Germany) and the GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen (Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Munich, Germany) were dissolved together in saline at a dose of 20 ng/μl (muscimol) and 200 ng/μl (baclofen), respectively, and 1 μl of this cocktail was slowly infused into the left and right pAIC 5 min before the start of the SxAT.
7
Electrophysiological Recordings in Murine Brain Slices
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Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and brains sliced in oxygenated sucrose ACSF slush as described (59) . All recordings were performed using borosilicate electrodes (2.5-4.5 MΩ) filled with a K-Gluconate solution (41, 59) . For rheobase and spike frequency, a 20pA current-step injection was used (0-400pA). For ML297 and baclofen recordings, a consistent holding current was obtained (<20% fluctuation), followed by bath application of 10µM ML297 in 0.04% DMSO or 200µM baclofen (Sigma-Aldrich). Evoked currents were reversed using bath application of 0.30mM barium chloride (Fisher Scientific). Recordings were filtered at 2kHz and sampled at 20kHz, with series resistance (<40MΩ) monitored throughout all recordings.
8
Limbic Nuclei Inactivation Protocol
9
Preparation of GABA, Baclofen, and Pentylenetetrazole
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GABA and baclofen (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were prepared in bath solution just prior to experimentation. CGP7930 (Tocris, Bristol, U.K.) was dissolved in DMSO at 10 mmol·L−1 concentration and stored at −20° C until use. Pentylenetetrazole (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 0.9% saline just prior experiments. Ethanol (LabServ, Australia) was diluted with water to desired concentration on a weekly basis.
10
Pharmacological Modeling of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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For METH sensitization, METH was purchased from the National Institute for Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China) and dissolved in 0.9% NaCl (saline). METH (1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg, dissolved in saline) and saline were each administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. For the SCZ animal model, we used NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (Abcam, USA, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily [30 (link)] for 21 consecutive days. For the microinjection, DAPT (Selleck, USA), a key enzyme inhibitor of Notch signal pathway, is dissolved in 90% DMSO (sigma, USA) prepared in 0.1 M sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) [31 (link)] at 30 μg/μL. DAPT or vehicle was administered via bilateral intracranial microinjections at 0.5 μL/hemisphere. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen (Sigma, USA) and the GABAB receptor antagonist phaclofen (Sigma, USA) were dissolved in saline and administered at doses of 0.06 nmol/0.2 μL/mouse [32 ] and 0.1 nmol /0.2 μL/ mouse [33 (link)], respectively.
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