Drinking solutions (10S: 10% sucrose [w/v] or 10S10E: 10% EtOH [v/v] in 10S) were made from 95% EtOH (AAPER Alcohol and Chemical Co., Shelbyville, KY), ultra-pure sucrose (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH), and distilled water. Carprofen (Pfizer, New York, NY) and gentamicin (APP Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL) were used during surgery.
Carprofen
Manufactured by Pfizer
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland
Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for veterinary purposes. It is a synthetic compound that exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Carprofen is commonly used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with various conditions in animals.
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Lab products found in correlation
7017pk5re, by Doccol (6 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Abbott (4 mentions)
Rimadyl, by Pfizer (3 mentions)
Baytril, by Bayer (3 mentions)
Enrofloxacin, by Bayer (3 mentions)
Ketamine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Xylazine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ketamine, by Zoetis (3 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Baxter (2 mentions)
Sterile round 5 mm glass cover slip, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (2 mentions)
Dexamethasone (dex), by Baxter (2 mentions)
Stereotactic frame, by Stoelting (2 mentions)
Meloxicam, by Boehringer Ingelheim (2 mentions)
Conjuncain, by Bausch & Lomb (2 mentions)
27 gauge needle, by Terumo (2 mentions)
Catechol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fluoxetine hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pargyline hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 2 bis 4 fluorphenyl methoxy ethyl 4 3 phenyl propyl piperazine hcl gbr 12909, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Desipramine hcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
69 protocols using carprofen
1
Preparation of Drinking Solutions
2
Telemetric Recordings of Ventilation and Sleep
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Surgery was performed under isoflurane anesthesia (1.8–2.4% in O2) with intra-operative analgesia (Carprofen 0.1 mg subcutaneously, Pfizer Italy, Latina) [32 (link)]. Mice were instrumented with electrodes for electroencephalography (EEG) and neck muscle electromyography (EMG) recordings. A calibrated telemetric arterial pressure transducer (TA11-PAC10, DSI, Tilburg, The Netherlands) was implanted subcutaneously, and the catheter tip was advanced via the femoral artery until it lay in the abdominal aorta below the renal arteries. After surgery, mice were housed individually and allowed 12–15 days to recover. Recordings were then made inside a whole-body plethysmograph to measure ventilation for 8 hours, starting at the onset of the light period (i.e., Zeitgeber Time 0, ZT0). After further 2–5 days’ recovery, mice underwent undisturbed 48 hours’ baseline recordings in their cages. Mice were then recorded while sleep-deprived by gentle handling for 6 hours (ZT0-ZT6) and during sleep recovery for 18 hours (ZT6-ZT24) [33 (link)].
3
CES Electrode Implantation in Rat TBI Model
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After the TBI lesion, a CES electrode was implanted in the rat’s skull. Four burr holes were made using a dental drill (NE213, NSK-Nakanishi Inc, Tochigi, Japan) with a 1.5-mm burr for screw electrodes (1.6-mm-diameter pole; Plastics One, Inc., Roanoke, VA). According to the stereotaxic brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson, cortical electrodes were placed epidurally (A = + 4.0 mm, L = ± 2 mm for the frontal cortex; A = −3.6 mm, L = ± 4 mm for the parietal cortex; Paxinos and Watson, 2005 ; Figure 1B ). All electrodes were inserted into a six-channel pedestal (MS363, Plastics One, Inc., Roanoke, VA, USA). The surgical incision was closed with three stitches. The screw electrodes and pedestal were secured to the skull surface with dental acrylic (Lang Dental Mfg., Wheeling, IL, USA; Figures 1C,D ). Following TBI lesion and CES electrode implantation, the analgesia (Carprofen, 5 mg/kg; Pfizer Animal Health Inc., PA, USA) was administered subcutaneously every 24 h for 48 h postoperatively.
4
Intraoral Cannulation for Second-Order Conditioning
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In order to present the flavor (CS2) paired with the excitatory context (CS1) during a second order conditioning trial, 48 hr prior to the final contextual conditioning trial (to prevent loss of cannulae), the rats were anaesthetized with isoflurane gas, administered the antibiotic Depocillin (0.33 mg/kg, sc; Pen Aqueous) and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory/analgesic drug, Carprofen (0.1 mg/kg, ip; Pfizer). A 15-gauge stainless steel needle was inserted at the mid-area on the back of the neck, and guided subcutaneously below the ear and across the cheek, where it exited into the oral cavity behind the first molar. A 10-cm section of polyethylene tubing (PE 90, I.D. 0.86 mm, O.D. 1.27 mm) was inserted into the needle, which was then removed from the animal, allowing only the tubing to remain in place. Three elastomer squares (8x8 mm) were threaded onto the tubing and drawn all the way to the neck, securing the cannula firmly in place. The intraoral section of the cannula was held in place by a flanged-end of the tubing over a section of surgical mesh that rested flush against the skin. Twenty-four hours after surgery, rats were administered a second dose of Carprofen (0.1 mg/kg) and their health was monitored for three days following surgery. Intraoral cannulae were also flushed once a day, for three days, with Chlorhexidine.
5
Cranial Window Implantation for In Vivo Imaging
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The procedure was done as in [22 (link)], Carprofen (Pfizer 15 ug/25 g mouse) analgesia was administered subcutaneously prior to surgery and then daily for the next 4 days. Mice were anesthetized with Isoflurane (5% for induction, 1–2% thereafter), the scalp and connective tissue were removed, and the skull was covered with VetBond. An aluminum metal bar with 2 traded holes was attached to the skull with black Dental Acrylic. A 3 mm diameter craniotomy was done above part of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) known as the barrel cortex (from Bregma: rostral −1.5, lateral 3 mm). A custom-made 3mm coverglass (Bellco Glass) was placed and sealed with VetBond cyanoacrylate glue. The dry glue was covered with Dental Acrylic. One ml Ringer solution was given subcutaneous after the surgery. During the surgery, and until full recovery, the mouse temperature was kept at 37°C using a heated plate and a rectal temperature sensor.
6
Radiolabeled Serotonin Receptor Binding Assay
7
Viral Infusion in Mouse Brain
8
Exploring Hypothalamic Nuclei in Dietary Obesity
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Under isoflurane anesthesia, rabbits were implanted with a bilateral brain cannula (22-gauge, Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) above either the DMH (nucleus coordinates from bregma: -2.20 mm caudal, ±0.9 mm lateral to midline, and at a depth of 14 mm from the skull) or the VMH (nucleus coordinates from bregma: -2.20 mm caudal, ±0.9 mm lateral to midline, and depth of 16 mm from the skull). The guide cannula was situated 2 mm above the DMH or VMH, ensuring that the nucleus was intact before experimentation. Carprofen (3 mg/kg SC, Pfizer, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia) was given 24 hours before and after surgery for analgesia. After 10 days of recovery, rabbits were placed on a CD (4.2% total fat) or an HFD (13.3% total fat) ad libitum for 3 weeks. 3 (link) On day 14 of the diet, a recording electrode was implanted on the left renal nerve under isoflurane anesthesia as previously described. 3 (link) Cannula placements were verified by injection of methylene blue dye before perfusion fixation of the brain and sectioning in a cryostat. Rabbits with injection sites outside of the DMH or the VMH were not included in the study.
9
Stereotaxic Injection of Recombinant CDNF in Rats
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For CDNF injections, rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (4% induction, 2.5–3% maintenance) and placed into the stereotaxic frame (Stoelting). After disinfecting the skin, >0.1 ml of lidocaine with adrenaline (10 mg/ml, Orion Pharma) was injected under the scalp. A cut was made along the top of the head to expose the skull and burr holes were made with a high-speed drill. A 10 μl Hamilton syringe with a 26G steel needle attached was used to inject recombinant human CDNF (Biovian Oy, Finland) into the SN (A/P -5.4, M/L +2.0, D/V -7.2) at a concentration of 0.75 μg/μl. The volume for each injection was 4 μl with a flow rate of 0.5 μl/min and the needle was left to sit for 5 min after the injection. Total amount of protein was 3 μg to the SN. For the diffusion studies in the naïve rat brain, CDNF was injected to the SN in the same coordinates as above at a volume of 1 or 4 μl and a flow rate of 0.5 μl/min. The amount of protein in each injection was 3 μg regardless of volume. After stitching the wound, carprofen (5 mg/kg s.c., Pfizer) was given for post-operative pain. Rats were placed in a recovery box and then returned to their home cage upon awakening.
10
Transaortic Constriction Model of Pressure Overload
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TAC surgery was performed to induce sustained LV pressure overload, as previously described [29 (link)]. 8–10 weeks old wildtype and Rbm38 knockout mice (FVB) were subjected to TAC or sham surgeries. In short, the aortic arch was constricted with a ligature between the truncus brachiocephalus and the arteria carotis communis sinistra around a 27G needle, which was removed immediately after constriction to (partially) restore blood flow. Sham-operated animals underwent the exact same procedure, but without the aortic ligation. As analgesia, mice were injected subcutaneously with Carprofen (Pfizer, 5 mg/kg) and Temgesic (0.05 mg/kg), prior to surgery and the first 3 days after surgery. While under anesthesia from echocardiography, all mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 7 weeks after surgery. Number of animals per group: wildtype sham n = 7, wildtype TAC n = 8, Rbm38 -/- sham n = 3, Rbm38 -/- TAC n = 7.
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