Cholesterol

Berberine (BBR), evodiamine (EVO), coptisine (COP) (Fig. 1C), luteolin (LUT) (Fig. 1D), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) (Fig. 1E) were purchased from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). DSPE-PEG2000, cholesterol, and hydrogenated lecithin (HSPC) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Sodium carbonate, ammonia, chloroform, and 95% ethanol were purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Plant (Chengdu, China). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and phosphate-buffer solution (PBS) were purchased from Gibco (Uxbridge, UK). Hoechst Staining Kit, Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit, trypsin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other reagents were of analytical grade and were used as supplied.

The phospholipid 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) was purchased from A.V.T (Shanghai). Cholesterol, distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀), dimethyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), mannosamine, palmitic acid, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd., and α-tocopherol was purchased from Beijing Solebao Technology Co. Ltd. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–anti-membrane protein palmitoylated 1 (MPP1)/EMP55 (erythrocyte membrane protein 55–specific antibody) was purchased from Shanghai Kelei Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Fluorescent labeled antibiotics against cell surface markers for flow cytometry (fluorescent activated cell sorting) asset were purchased from eBioscience.

Cholesterol was purchased from shanghai Yuanye Bio-technology Co., Ltd. Distearoyl phosphatidylEthanolamine DSPE-PEG2000 was acquired from Xi'an ruixi Biological Co., Ltd. Ethanol, NaOH, HCl and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) was acquired from Baoguang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chongqing, China). The niclosamide (Ncl) was acquired from Xiya Reagent Company (Shandong, China) and Bleomycin sulfate was purchased from Macklin Inc. (Macklin, Shanghai, China). TGFβ1 was acquired from Novoprotein (Shanghai, China). The anti -β-actin was obtained from ZSGB-BIO Biotech (Beijing, China). Collagen I (ET1609-68) and α-SMA (ET1607-53) were obtained from HUABIO (Hangzhou, China). PE-CD11b-, APC-CD206-, FITC-CD11b-, FITC-Gr-1-, PE-F4/80-, APC-MHC II-, and FITC-CD11c-conjugated antibodies were obtained from Biolegend (San Diego, CA, USA). Fibronectin (ab32419), E-cadherin (ab76055) and vimentin (ab20346) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).