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4 protocols using 2 iodobenzoic acid

1

Extraction and Analysis of Natural Dyes

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Indigo and alizarin (97%) were purchased from ACROS Organics; indirubin (≥98%), 9-aminoacridine (9-AA, ≥99.5%), erythrosin B (≥95%), 2-iodobenzoic acid (≥99%) and Universal MALDI matrix [1:1 mixture of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (α-CCA)] were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, carminic acid (≥96%) from Fluka Analytical, lucidin from Cfm Oskar Tropitzsch GmbH (Marktredwitz), tetrahydrofuran (HPLC grade) from Roth, formic acid (99–100%), trifluoroacetic acid, ethanol, methanol and acetonitrile (all solvents HPLC gradient grade) from VWR, and TLC (thin-layer chromatography) plates (ALUGRAM Sil G) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel. Purpurin has been obtained from Aldrich’s collection of rare chemicals and rubiadin has been synthesized according to procedures of Takano et al.33 (link). Double distilled water was produced in a distillation apparatus bought from Gebr. Rettberg GmbH. An extended tabby weave with blue warps (wool fibers previously vat dyed using natural indigo) and red wefts (wool fibers previously mordant dyed using alum and cochineal) was handcrafted by a textile archaeologist. Recent animal- and plant-derived fibers dyed with synthetic indigo or E120, a food dye extract from scale insects (Dactylopius coccus Costa), were used for first tests (dyeing processes were performed as previously reported28 (link),34 (link)).
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2

Synthesis and Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitors

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2-Iodobenzoic acid, oxone®, (±)-LA, sodium borohydride, sodium dithionite, l-DOPA, mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, kojic acid, and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), l-glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Euroclone (Milan, Italy). All solvents were high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade. Double-distilled deionized water was used throughout the study.
2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) [40 (link)] and DHLA [41 (link)] were synthetized as reported.
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3

Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Small Molecules

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Direct Red 81 (DR81), 2-iodobenzoic acid, and potassium 2-iodo-5-methylbenzenesulfonate (MIBS), and bradykinin, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 4,4’-Azo-bis(4-cyanovaleric acid) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The model peptide RARARAA was synthesized by NeoBioSci (Cambridge, MA, USA). Methanol was purchased from Macron Chemicals (part of Avantor, Center Valley, PA, USA). All samples subjected to nESI in this work were comprised of 0.1 mg/mL concentrations of reagent in 1:1 water:methanol.
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4

Phytochemical Standards and Synthetic Compounds

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Isoflavonoids genistein, daidzein, and formononetin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Coumestrol was from Fluka Chemical Corp. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). 2-aminonicotinic acid (1), 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (5), and 2-mercaptoisonicotinic acid (2) were from Alfa-Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, MA, UK). Salicylic acid (SA), isonicotinic acid (INA), nicotinic acid (4), citrazinic acid (3), isonipecotic acid (11), 4-pyridinethioamide (7), pyrrol-2carboxylic acid (9), 2-methoxy isonicotinic acid (10), 2-hydroxyquinolein-4-carboxylic acid (8), 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid (6), benzo (1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), 2,6-dichloropyridine-4-carboxylic acid (DCIA), thioSalicylic acid (12), 2-iodobenzoic acid (13), benzoic acid (14), acetylSalicylic acid (15), 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2carboxylic acid (Trolox) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dihydroquinazolinones (16-23) were prepared from 2-aminobenzamide and benzaldehyde derivatives by conventional organic reactions (Dar et al. 2012) . HPLC grade methanol and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, GER). H 2 O treated with a Millipore system was used during HPLC analysis.
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