D80 camera

Digital fundus photographs of the optic disc and macula were taken using a TRC-NW6S non-mydriatic retinal camera and IMAGEnet Telemedicine System (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a 10 megapixel Nikon D80 camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) without pharmacological dilation of the pupil. AMD was categorized by independent graders using a modified Wisconsin protocol.²⁹ (link) Main features for each image were assessed with standardized photographs and included:•

Hard drusen size <63 μm, with more than ten hard drusen required to be present for the lesion to be classified as present;

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Soft drusen of size ≥125 μm, with presence of one soft drusen sufficient for classification of lesion to be present;

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Geographic atrophy;

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Choridal neovascularisation;

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Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) detachment; and

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Disciform scar.

The prominent phenotype observed or the most severe lesion for each eye was used as the final grading for that eye. Individual categorization of AMD lesion was based on the more severely affected eye.

The terminology follows Liljeblad and Ronquist (1998) (link) and Melika (2006) for morphological structures, Ronquist and Nordlander (1989) for forewing venation and Harris (1979) for patterns of cuticular sculpture. Measurements and abbreviations used herein are: F1–F12, first and subsequent flagellomeres; POL (post-ocellar distance), the distance between the inner margins of the posterior ocelli; OOL (ocellar-ocular distance), the distance from the outer edge of a posterior ocellus to the inner margin of the compound eye; and LOL, the distance between posterior and frontal ocelli. The width of the forewing radial cell is measured from the margin of the wing to the Rs vein. Morphological studies were based on the dried and point-mounted specimens. A few specimens were dismembered for detailed photographs of characters and stored in small vials filled with dry cotton. Photographs were taken using a Leica M205C microscope system equipped (Leica Inc., Germany) with a Leica DMC6200 digital camera attached to a computer. Images of the galls were taken with a Nikon D80 ca­mera. All types are deposited in the Insect Collection, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan (CSUFT).

Images were taken with a D80 Nikon camera on a tripod at a fixed distance from the imaging stage, with fixed focus. Auto exposure was used to compensate for changing light conditions throughout the day in the greenhouse. The plants were processed iteratively through each block. Because each block was randomized the effect of dynamic lighting conditions would affect treatments randomly. The imaging stage had a dark felt background and metric/SAE rulers were fixed to the stage on both X and Y axes.

Images of living S. kraussiana were taken using a Keyence Digital microscope (VHX-1000E) with a RZ×50 or RX×20-x 200 objective lens, a D80 Nikon camera with a EX Sigma 50 mm 1:2.8 DG MACRO lens, or a Google Pixel 6 phone camera. Images of in situ sections were taken using a Leica DM2000 LED microscope with ×20 and ×40 objective lenses and a Leica MC120 HD camera attachment.

Participants underwent ocular examinations, including stereofundus photography. A 45° non-mydriatic digital retinal image centered on the fovea was taken of each eye, for a total of two images per person^{46 (link)}. A TRC-NW6S non-mydriatic fundus camera (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) linked to a D-80 camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) was used to obtain digital fundus images. Retinopathy was graded based on the presence of microaneurysms, haemorrhages, hard exudates, area of revascularization, fibrous proliferation, and/or laser scars in the more severely affected eye. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale was used to define the severity of DR: 1, absence of retinopathy (level 10); 2, mild to moderate NPDR (level 20, 35, and 43); and 3, severe NPDR and proliferative DR (level ≥47)⁴⁷ . The classification of DR was described in a previous study^{48 (link)}. The quality of the survey was verified by the Epidemiologic Survey Committee of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.

Indicator reactions were carried out in 96-well fluorometric plates (Nunc F96 MicroWell, white, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA, cat. No. 136101, or Sovtech, Novosibirsk, Russia, cat. No. M-018). The absorption/reflection of the reaction mixtures in the visible region of the spectrum was photographed with a smartphone camera. NIR fluorescence of the reaction mixtures was monitored using a home-made NIR visualizer [18 (link)] containing 11 red LEDs (660 nm) with a power of 3 W as a light source (Minifermer, Moscow, Russia) and a Nikon D80 camera with a light filter cutting off visible light up to 700 nm. The UV-vis spectra were recorded on an SF-102 spectrophotometer (Interfotofizika, Moscow, Russia) in 0.2 × 1.0 cm quartz cells (an internal volume of 0.5 mL and an optical path length of 1 cm). Fluorescence spectra were obtained using a Fluorat-02 Panorama spectrofluorometer (Lumex, St. Petersburg, Russia).