D 2 amino 5 phosphonopentanic acid d ap5

Most chemicals were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, United States). VPA sodium salt and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, United States). Picrotoxin, strychnine, and D-(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanic acid (D-AP5) were obtained from Tocris Biosciences (Minneapolis, MN, United States).

In addition to chemicals already mentioned above, we used the following NMDAR agonists: NMDA from Sigma and (3-chlorophenyl) [3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2(1H)-isoquinolinyl]methanone (CIQ) from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). We also used the following NMDAR antagonists: 7-chlorokynurenate (7-ClK), d-(–)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanic acid (d-AP5), 4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (DQP 1105), and (R,S)-α-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-β-methyl-4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperidinepropanol (Ro 25-6981) from Tocris Bioscience as well as (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) and ZnCl₂ from Sigma. Other than NMDAR agonists/antagonists, we used dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (dl-TBOA) from Tocris Bioscience, BAPTA from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan), and tricine from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). We obtained all of remaining chemicals used in this study from Sigma.

Most chemicals were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. 1,2-Bis(2aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine (SNSP), N_ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO), and 8-(4-chloorophenylthio)-guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (pCPT-cGMP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Picrotoxin, strychnine, d-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanic acid (D-AP5), 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinaxalin-1-one (ODQ), and 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine trihydrochloride (Napsm) were obtained from Tocris Biosciences.