Acetonitrile

St (99.0%), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (98.0%) and PBS buffer solution (×10) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industry Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Super dehydrated toluene (99.5%), divinylbenzene (DVB) (50.0%), 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) (95.0%), Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (93.0%), Acetonitrile (99.0%) and isobutylphenyl propionic acid (Ibuprofen,> 98.0%) were all purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (TCI). d-limonene (90.0%), tetrahydrofuran (98.0%), dimethyl sulfoxide (99.0%) and bromocresol purple were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. Kyoto Japan. Rhodamine B was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., St.Louis, MO, USA. Vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride (VBAC) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Kyoto, Japan. All chemicals were used as supplied without further purification, except where noted otherwise.

Glycidol (purity 96.0%), fluorescein‐5‐isothiocyanate (FITC purity ≥90.0%), human hemoglobin lyophilized powder, and 1,2‐propanediol (purity 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Acetonitrile and glyceraldehyde (purity 98.0%) were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kanto Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., and Nacalai Tesque, Inc., respectively. Other chemicals (L‐valine, L‐d₈‐valine, sodium chloride, potassium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, ethyl acetate, sodium sulfate, toluene, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, ammonium hydroxide, 3‐MCPD (purity 98.0%), epichlorohydrin (purity 99.0%), and acrylic acid (purity 98.0%) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Ind., Ltd.

ABZ (CAS No. 54965–21–8, purity ≥ 98.0%), ABZ-SO₂ (CAS No. 75184–71–3, purity ≥ 99.0%), and ABZ-SO (CAS No. 54029–12–8, purity ≥ 98.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). ABZ-2NH₂-SO₂ (CAS No. 80983–34–2, purity ≥ 99.8%) was obtained from TMstandard (Changzhou, China).
HPLC-grade formic acid (purity ≥ 98%), trimethylamine (purity ≥ 99%), methanol (purity ≥ 99.9%) and acetonitrile (purity ≥ 99.9%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan), Thermo Fisher Scientific (MA, USA), and Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical-grade ethyl acetate, n-hexane and ammonia were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). The experimental water was ultrapure water (the resistivity reached 18.2 MΩ × cm, 25 °C).