X ray linear accelerator

Manufactured by Rad Source

Sourced in United States

The X-ray linear accelerator is a device that generates high-energy X-rays. It accelerates electrons to high velocities and then directs them towards a target, which produces the X-rays. This equipment is used in various applications, such as medical imaging and treatment, as well as industrial and scientific research.

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Lab products found in correlation

Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (7 mentions) L glutamine, by Avantor (1 mentions) α mem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) L glutamine, by Beyotime (1 mentions) L 15 medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Beyotime (1 mentions) Mle 12, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions) Rosiglitazone, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Recombinant human egf, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Bovine insulin, by Yeasen (1 mentions) Iec 6, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Iec 6, by National Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (1 mentions)

15 protocols using x ray linear accelerator

Murine Cell Lines Irradiation Protocols

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The murine monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used in this study. The cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; Shanghai, China), and maintained in α-Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Amresco, Solon, OH, USA). Murine osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 Subclone 4 was also used in this study, which was kindly provided by Prof. & Dr Hong Zhou of the University of Sydney. The osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were maintained in α-MEM, supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% (v/v) FBS. Both cell lines were cultured in a 37°C incubator with a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.
The cells were seeded in 35-mm dishes at a density of 9000 cells/cm² and incubated overnight for 12 h prior to irradiation. The cells were irradiated with different doses from 1 Gy to 8 Gy using an X-ray linear accelerator (160 kV, 25 mA; RadSource, Suwanee, GA, USA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min. The focus skin distance was 40 cm, and the irradiation field was 280 mm × 180 mm with a dose uniformity of >95%. Sham-irradiated cells were defined as the 0 Gy group.

Zhang J., Wang Z., Wu A., Nie J., Pei H., Hu W., Wang B., Shang P., Li B, & Zhou G. (2017). Differences in responses to X-ray exposure between osteoclast and osteoblast cells. Journal of Radiation Research, 58(6), 791-802.

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Ionizing Radiation Exposure in HELF Cells

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Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium. Cells were grown at 37°C in 5% CO₂ incubators. Cells were exposed to different dosages of ionizing radiation using an X-ray linear accelerator (Rad Source, Suwanee, Georgia) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min.

Gao Y., Li X., Gao J., Zhang Z., Feng Y., Nie J., Zhu W., Zhang S, & Cao J. (2019). Metabolomic Analysis of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Rats: The Potential Radioprotective Role of Taurine. Dose-Response, 17(4), 1559325819883479.

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Clonogenic Assay for Radiation Sensitivity

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For standard clonogenic assays, stable cell lines were seeded into six-well plates at 200–2000 cells/well, depending on the dose of radiation. Cells were pretreated with 50 µM EGCG. The concentration of DMSO in the medium was < 0.5% for all conditions. Cells were irradiated using an X-ray linear accelerator (RADSOURCE, San Francisco, CA, USA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min. After radiation, the drug-containing medium was immediately replaced by fresh medium. The cells were then grown for 7–10 d to allow for colony formation and were subsequently stained using crystal violet. Colonies consisting of 50 or more cells were counted as a clone.

Zhu W., Xu J., Ge Y., Cao H., Ge X., Luo J., Xue J., Yang H., Zhang S, & Cao J. (2014). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) protects skin cells from ionizing radiation via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) overexpression. Journal of Radiation Research, 55(6), 1056-1065.

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Irradiation of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines

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The human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines H1299, A549 and H460 were maintained in RPMI 1640 with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) and 1% (v/v) antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/streptomycin) at 37°C and a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. The authenticity of this cell line was confirmed by measuring the STR profile and the P53 expression.
The cells were irradiated with a total dose of 2 Gy using an X-ray linear accelerator (RadSource, Suwanee, GA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min. Sham-irradiated cells were defined as the 0 Gy group.

Gu Q., He Y., Ji J., Yao Y., Shen W., Luo J., Zhu W., Cao H., Geng Y., Xu J., Zhang S., Cao J, & Ding W.Q. (2015). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediates radiation-induced invasiveness through the SDF-1α/CXCR4 pathway in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncotarget, 6(13), 10893-10907.

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Radiation Sensitivity of Pancreatic Cancer Cells

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Human PC cell lines (BxPC‐3 and Panc‐1) were purchased from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection (Shanghai, China). All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, HyClone, Logan, USA) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. The cultures were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Pancreatic cancer cells were pretreated with clofibrate for 24 h and then were exposed to different dosages of ionizing radiation using an X‐ray linear accelerator (Rad Source, Suwanee, GA, USA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min.³¹

Xia N., Yang N., Shan Q., Wang Z., Liu X., Chen Y., Lu J., Huang W, & Wang Z. (2022). HNRNPC regulates RhoA to induce DNA damage repair and cancer‐associated fibroblast activation causing radiation resistance in pancreatic cancer. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 26(8), 2322-2336.

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Colorectal Cancer Cell Line Response

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CRC cell lines SW837 and SW480, established from the human adenocarcinomas of rectum and colon respectively, were used in this study. The two cell lines were purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection (Shanghai, China), and maintained by L-15 medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). For 5-FU (CSNpharm, Shanghai, China) treatment, the cells were treated at 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL respectively for 48 h. 20 mg/mL was selected for further studies. For radiotherapy group, the cells were irradiated at 2 Gy, 4 Gy, 6 and 8 Gy respectively. The X-rays were produced by an X-ray linear accelerator at a dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min (160 kV, 25 mA; RadSource, Suwanee, GA, USA). 48 h after irradiation, the cells were harvested for further studies.

Yu Z., Guo J., Meng T., Ge L., Liu L., Wang H, & Yang X. (2022). Bcl-xL DNAzymes promote radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells via enhancing apoptosis. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 23, 13.

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Irradiating HaCaT Keratinocytes with X-rays

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The human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT was maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1% (v/v) penicillin–streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Cells were irradiated using an X-ray linear accelerator (RADSOURCE, GA, USA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min. 5-Gy X-ray irradiation was chosen because it causes appropriate DNA damage [24 (link), 25 (link)].

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Ionizing Radiation on Skin Cells

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Human keratinocyte HaCaT and human skin fibroblast WS1 cells were kind gifts from Prof Hongying Yang (Soochow University). The cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM). Primary skin cells of mice were isolated from skin of adult mice (5-6 weeks of age) using the procedures as reported (22 (link), 23 (link)). Primary skin cells were maintained in DMEM. All culture media were supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco). Cells were grown at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubators. Cells were exposed to different dosages (5 or 20 Gy) of ionizing radiation using X-ray linear accelerator (RadSource) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min.

Xue J., Yu C., Tang Y., Mo W., Tang Z., Sheng W., Jiao Y., Zhu W, & Cao J. (2021). NF-E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Skin Injury. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 680058.

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Esophageal Cancer Cell Irradiation

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The human esophageal cancer cells (TE-1 and Eca-109) and esophageal epithelial HET-1A cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics (Gibco, Grand Island, NY). Cells were grown in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO2.
For irradiation, cells were exposed to 4 or 8 Gy of ionizing radiation using X-ray linear accelerator (Rad Source, Suwanee, GA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy/min.

He Y., Xu W., Xiao Y., Pan L., Chen G., Tang Y., Zhou J., Wu J., Zhu W., Zhang S, & Cao J. (2018). Overexpression of Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) Promotes the Aggressive Phenotypes of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Journal of Cancer, 9(21), 3939-3949.

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Ionizing Radiation Exposure of Pulmonary Cells

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Human pulmonary epithelial cells (BEAS‐2B), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and murine pulmonary epithelial cells (MLE‐12) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were maintained in high‐glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) and incubated at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂. Cells were exposed to IR (0, 2, 5, or 10 Gy) using an X‐ray linear accelerator (RadSource, Suwanee, GA, USA) at a fixed dose rate of 1.15 Gy min^‐1.

Feng Y., Yuan P., Guo H., Gu L., Yang Z., Wang J., Zhu W., Zhang Q., Cao J., Wang L, & Jiao Y. (2023). METTL3 Mediates Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition by Modulating FOXO1 mRNA N6‐Methyladenosine‐Dependent YTHDF2 Binding: A Novel Mechanism of Radiation‐Induced Lung Injury. Advanced Science, 10(17), 2204784.

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