Escalab xi instrument

The particle size and morphological features were studied using scanning electron microscopy (Neo-Scope JCM-6000PLUS system) and transmission electron microscopy (JEOL-JEM 2100). The phase purity and crystal structure were determined by the X-ray diffraction patterns and were acquired using Rigaku Smartlab X-ray diffractometer (Cu-Kα, λ = 1.5406 Å) operating at 40 kV and 30 mA. The infrared spectrum was recorded using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (Bruker Alpha P) in the range of 400 to 4000 cm⁻¹. The photoluminescence (PL) of the samples were recorded with an Agilent Technology-Cary-60 and their optical properties were analysed using LABINDIA technologies UV 3092 spectrophotometer. The specific surface area and pore size of the catalyst was studied using Quanta Chrome Nova 2200E—BET Surface Area Analyser. The different states and valence of material was analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using Thermo Fisher ESCALAB Xi⁺ instrument. The radicals formed during degradation process was confirmed and analysed by ESR-JEOL, Japan spectrometer.

The obtained samples were characterized by XRD analysis on D8 advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany) with filtered Cu Kα radiation. The functional groups of the samples were analyzed by FTIR (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet 67000, Madison, WI, USA). The detailed microstructure and morphology of samples were observed using SEM (ZEISS Gemini SEM 300, Oberkochen, Germany) and TEM (FEI Tecnai F20, Hillsboro, OR, USA). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were recorded by Micromeritics ASAP 2460 adsorption apparatus at 77 K (ASAP 2460, Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA). The magnetic property of the sample was measured using VSM (LakeShore, Westerville, OH, USA). XPS was conducted at room temperature on an ESCALAB Xi+ instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an Al Kα source.

All chemicals and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without any further purification. Lipase enzyme (EC 3.1.1.3) Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was purchased from commercial sources. The reaction progress was monitored using thin layer chromatography (TLC, thin silica layer coated on glass slide). The compounds were purified by column chromatography using silica (particle size 200–400) as the stationary phase and ethyl acetate in hexane as the mobile phase. NMR spectra were collected on a JEOL or Bruker NMR using deuterated DMSO solvent with TMS as an internal reference. The coupling constant (J) is expressed in hertz (Hz) and the chemical shift (δ) is expressed in parts per million (ppm). Multiplicities are abbreviated as s: singlet, d: doublet, dd: doublet of doublet, t: triplet, br s: broad singlet, and m: multiplet. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum was collected using PerkinElmer Spectrum software, version 10.4.00. The X-ray analysis was done using an X-ray diffractometer (PanAlytical). The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was done using a JEOL JEM 2100 PLUS. The X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) was done using a Thermo Fisher Scientific ESCALAB Xi⁺ instrument.

The morphological and structural analysis was determined by TEM (JEOL, JEM‐2100plus, 200 kV). The aberration‐corrected HRTEM, HADDF‐STEM, and EDS mapping were recorded on Titan Cubed Themis G2300. The SEM and corresponding EDS mapping were conducted on ZEISS Gemini 300. The XRD patterns were collected on a Rigaku D/max‐2200 PC diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The XPS data of different catalysts were tested using a Thermo ESCALAB Xi+ instrument equipped with an Al‐Kα radiation source (1486.6 eV). The thickness of different catalysts was determined by AFM (Bruker, Multimode 8). The XAS of the samples were collected at the beamline BL14W1 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF, China). The ICP‐MS was conducted on a PerkinElmer NexION 350D.