EpiLife culture medium with Ca2+ (60 μM), EpiLife defined growth supplement (EDGS), penicillin/streptomycin, and Lipofectamine 2000 reagent were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA USA). On-target plus siRNA was purchased from GE healthcare (Little Chalfont, UK). FNC coating mixture was purchased from Athena ES (Baltimore, MA, USA). Suramin hexasodium salt (an inhibitor of P2X and P2Y receptors), PPADS tetrasodium salt (an inhibitor of P2X and P2Y receptors), TNP-ATP triethylammonium salt (an inhibitor of P2X receptor), NF 157 (an inhibitor of P2Y11 and P2X1), ARL 67156 (an inhibitor of ecto-ATPases), and 10Panx (an inhibitor of Pannexin-1 channel) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Adenosine-5’-(γ-thio)-triphosphate tetralithium salt (ATPγS, a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue), Brilliant blue G (BBG; an inhibitor of P2X receptors), and apyrase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Suramin hexasodium salt
Manufactured by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Suramin hexasodium salt is a biochemical compound used in various research applications. It functions as a reversible inhibitor of a range of enzymes, including ATPases, GTPases, and protein kinases. This product is commonly utilized in scientific studies to investigate the role of these enzymes in biological systems.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Lipofectamine 2000 reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Nf157, by Bio-Techne (3 mentions)
10panx, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Tnp atp triethylammonium salt, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Apyrase, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Brilliant blue g, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Epilife defined growth supplement, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Epilife culture medium with ca2 60 μm, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ppads tetrasodium salt, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Arl67156, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Adenosine 5 γ thio triphosphate tetralithium salt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
On targetplus sirna, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Nf340, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Mrs2578, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Psb0739, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Nf023, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Nf110, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Nf279, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Nf449, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
8 protocols using suramin hexasodium salt
1
Pharmacological inhibition of purinergic signaling
2
Suramin and Fondaparinux Sodium Protocol
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Suramin hexasodium salt, NF023, NF110, NF157, NF279, NF340, NF449, PSB0739, and MRS2578 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience. Fondaparinux sodium (Arixtra) was purchased from GlaxoSmithKline. Pirodavir was a kind gift from Dr. John Lambert, Biota Pharmaceuticals. MRS2578 and Pirodavir were dissolved in DMSO and used for the experiments.
3
Neurochemical Reagents for Research
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Flupenthixol dihydrochloride, CGP54626 hydrochloride, suramin hexasodium salt, AM 251, D-AP5, CNQX disodium salt, LY367385, MPEP hydrochloride, and Tetrodotoxin (TTX) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience. Picrotoxin was purchased from Indofine Chemical Company (Hillsborough, NJ). Fluo-4-AM from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). All other drugs were purchased from Sigma.
4
Pharmacological inhibition of purinergic signaling
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EpiLife culture medium with Ca2+ (60 μM), EpiLife defined growth supplement (EDGS), penicillin/streptomycin, and Lipofectamine 2000 reagent were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA USA). On-target plus siRNA was purchased from GE healthcare (Little Chalfont, UK). FNC coating mixture was purchased from Athena ES (Baltimore, MA, USA). Suramin hexasodium salt (an inhibitor of P2X and P2Y receptors), PPADS tetrasodium salt (an inhibitor of P2X and P2Y receptors), TNP-ATP triethylammonium salt (an inhibitor of P2X receptor), NF 157 (an inhibitor of P2Y11 and P2X1), ARL 67156 (an inhibitor of ecto-ATPases), and 10Panx (an inhibitor of Pannexin-1 channel) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Adenosine-5’-(γ-thio)-triphosphate tetralithium salt (ATPγS, a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue), Brilliant blue G (BBG; an inhibitor of P2X receptors), and apyrase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
5
Cytokine Modulation of Ion Channels
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All cytokines were purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA, (IL-1β: #211-11B, TNF-α: #315-01A, IL-4: #214-14, IL-10: #210-10). These peptides were dissolved in water at 10 μg/mL and stored in aliquots at −80 °C. Bath cytokine concentrations were used at 10 ng/mL or 30 ng/mL. Blockers used were: CsOH solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, #232041), quinine (1 mM, K+ channel blocker, Sigma-Aldrich, #Q1125), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mM, Kdr channel blocker, Tocris, Bristol, UK, #0940), BaCl2 (200 µM, Kir channel blocker, Sigma-Aldrich, #217565), ML133 HCl (20 µM, Kir2.1 channel blocker, Tocris, #4549), Paxilline (50 µM, KCa1.1 blocker, Tocris, #2006), A740003 (100 µM, P2X7R antagonist, Tocris, #3701) and Suramin hexasodium salt (500 µM, P2X&Y receptor antagonist, Tocris, #1472).
6
Pharmacological Characterization of Adrenergic Receptor Ligands
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BMY7378 (8-[2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4 (link),5 (link)]decane-7,9-dione) (Tocris, Bristol, UK); RS17053 (N-[2-(2-Cyclopropylmethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]-5-chloro-α,α-dimethyl-1H-indole-3-ethanamine hydrochloride) (Tocris); RS100329 (5-methyl-3-[3-[4-[2-(2,2,2,-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-2,4-(1H)-pyrimidinedione) (Tocris); nifedipine (Sigma, Dublin, Ireland); prazosin hydrochloride (Sigma); suramin hexasodium salt (Tocris).
Drug stocks were dissolved in distilled water, except for nifedipine and RS17053 which were dissolved in ethanol.
Drug stocks were dissolved in distilled water, except for nifedipine and RS17053 which were dissolved in ethanol.
7
Suramin Effects on Mouse Behavior
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Offspring of timed matings were weaned at 3–4 weeks of age into cages of two to four animals. No mice were housed in isolation. Only males were evaluated in these studies. Littermates were identified by ear tags and distributed into different cages in order to minimize litter and dam effects. To avoid chance differences in groups selected for single-dose treatment, the saline and poly(IC) exposure groups were each balanced according to their social approach scores at 2.25 months. At 5.25 or 6.5 months of age, half the animals received a single injection of either saline (5 μl g−1 i.p.) or suramin (hexasodium salt, 20 mg kg−1 i.p.; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK, Cat no. 1472). Beginning 2 days later, behaviors were evaluated as described below. After completing the behavioral measurements, half of the subjects were killed after a 5-week-washout period for measurement of suramin tissue levels. For acute suramin levels, the other half was injected at 7.75 months of age and killed 2 days later for tissue level determinations.
8
Antibody-Based Protein Expression Analysis
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The following antibodies and reagents were used in this study: anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473) (D9E) (1:2000), anti-Akt (pan) (C67E7) (1:1000), anti-phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204, D13.14.4E) (1:2000), and anti-total p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (1:1000) antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA); rabbit polyclonal anti-caveolin-1 (1:7500), anti-GAPDH (1:10,000) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); anti-rabbit IgG-Peroxidase antibody and resazurin sodium salt were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); suramin hexasodium salt was obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA). Control (SC108080) and human caveolin-1 (SC29241) shRNA lentiviral particles were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All other reagents, unless mentioned, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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